2.  After leading his government to kill over 40 thousand people, the French people had had enough of Robespierre.  A party was formed against him, that claimed that he was now the person who was ruining the republic.  He was sentenced to the same fate as many of his political enemies, beheading by guillotine.  With the fall of the blade, so fell the reign of terror.

3.  Since Robespierre no longer was ruling, the Directory was established to run the country.  The directory consisted of 5 men who shared the ruling power of France, and this system lasted about 4 years. While the Directory was figuring out how to fix Robespierre’s mistakes, Napoleon, a young but very successful General from Corsica, was gaining recognition for his work in Italy.

4. Napoleon’s Birthplace

5. Napoleon’s Rise to Power Not all of Napoleon’s military career was glamorous, though: Earlier military career  the Egyptian Campaign was meant to weaken the British trade routs, without directly attacking them:  1798  he was defeated by the British navy under Admiral Horatio Nelson, who destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile.  Abandoning his troops in Egypt, Napoleon returned to France and received a hero’s welcome! Not all of Napoleon’s military career was glamorous, though: Earlier military career  the Egyptian Campaign was meant to weaken the British trade routs, without directly attacking them:  1798  he was defeated by the British navy under Admiral Horatio Nelson, who destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile.  Abandoning his troops in Egypt, Napoleon returned to France and received a hero’s welcome!

6.  1795: Called to Paris by Directory  Failed Egypt Campaign coup d’ etat - a sudden overthrow  1799: Directory overturned - Napoleon becomes ‘First Counsel’ coup d’ etat - a sudden overthrow  1802: Declares self ‘Counsel for Life’ –  1804: Napoleon Crowned Emperor  1804: Napoleon Crowned Emperor (to stop a return of the Bourbon Dynasty)

7. Napoleon’s Reforms Established orderly and uniform taxation Napoleonic Code (Law Code) Educational System But… Limited women’s property rights

8.  While the Directory had been trying to fix the problems in France, they were not having much success.  One of the 5 members of the Directory, Sieyès, decided to work with Napoleon to introduce a new system, and appointed Napoleon as the spokesperson of the plan.  A number of people were involved in this plan, including the chief of police, Joseph Fouché.  Sieyès told the current government of a plot putting them in Danger, and the government put Napoleon in control of the Military to protect them.  Napoleon used his new control of the military to take control of France and end the Directory in 1799.

9. Code Napoleon, 1804 It divides civil law into:  Personal status.  Property.  The acquisition of property. It divides civil law into:  Personal status.  Property.  The acquisition of property. Its purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the French Revolution. Create one law code for France. Its purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the French Revolution. Create one law code for France.

10. The Influence of the Napoleonic Code Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations. Lord to Peasant/Serf Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations. Lord to Peasant/Serf

11.  Economic Warfare  Blocked British trade with Continent  Failure:  Hurt Continent more than Britain  Not honored by Napoleon’s Allies  Forced Napoleon to ‘police’ Europe  Led to War with Russia

12.  After deciding that the British were too well defended to attack, Bonaparte turned his attention to overtaking most of continental Europe (especially Austria and Russia)

13. The “Big Blunder” -- Russia In July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of 614,000 men eastward across central Europe and into Russia.  The Russians avoided a direct confrontation with Napoleon. In July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of 614,000 men eastward across central Europe and into Russia.  The Russians avoided a direct confrontation with Napoleon.  They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the interior of Russia [hoping that it’s size and the weather would act as “support” for the Russian cause].  The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped of food.

14. Napoleon’s Troops at the Gates of Moscow September 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned. The Russians had set fire to the city. September 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned. The Russians had set fire to the city.

15. Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813) 100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!

16. Napoleon Abdicates! eShortly after, Napoleon’s forces retreated from Spain, as well. eAllied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814. eNapoléon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender. eNapoléon abdicated again on April 11. eTreaty of Fontainbleau  exiles Napoléon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. eThe royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne. eShortly after, Napoleon’s forces retreated from Spain, as well. eAllied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814. eNapoléon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender. eNapoléon abdicated again on April 11. eTreaty of Fontainbleau  exiles Napoléon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. eThe royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne.

17. Napoleon’s Short Exile on Elba Napoléon escaped Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815. He took back Paris, and his old soldiers re-joined him He believed he could not be beat!

18. Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo (June 18, 1815) Prussian General Blücher Napoleon was thoroughly defeated by the Duke of Wllington and General Bl ücher, overthrown, and imprisoned again to live the rest of his life in exile on St. Helena island. Duke of Wellington

19.  Warfare Modernized  Britain emerges most powerful nation  Rise of Nationalism  Birth of Democratic Movements  End of Absolutism / Birth of Modern Citizenship

20. Napoleon’s Legacy Assignment Each group will be assigned one of the following arguments. You will need to research one of these topics to present and discuss/debate tomorrow for the class. Napoleon was an awful leader for France Napoleon was a good leader for France Napoleon was a tactical genius Napoleon was crazy Napoleon introduced good changes Napoleon introduced bad changes