1. T2/26/13; T2/7/12; M2/14/11; T2/10/09; T2/26/08; H2/16/06; M3/7/05 Causes of U.S. Involvement in WWI (Ch. 23.2; pp. 653-657)

2. I. Causes long-term causes militarism nationalism imperialism alliances Pan-Slavism immediate cause – ass’n Franz Ferdinand – June 1914 Two Fronts – stalemate in west – trench warfare

3. II. U.S. Response Neutrality – Wilson – “neutral in thought and deed” – Q: were we neutral? Political – LDC – Allied (Br., Fr., NOT Russia yet) Cultural – British tradition – propaganda (“Huns”)

4. II. U.S. Response (cont.) Military – British blockade – German submarines Economic – impact of British blockade – Trade Germany - $350M → $250K; ↓ 1400x (8/100%) Allied - $825M → $3.2B; ↑ 4x (400%) – Loans Germany - $27M Allied - $2.3B Is the U.S. neutral?

5. III. German Response U-boats (unterseeboote) – surprise attacks – submarine warfare 1. Lusitania (Br.) – 128 Amer. killed – May 1915 2. Arabic (Br.) – 2 Amer. killed – Aug. 1915 3. Sussex (Fr.) – Amer. injured – March 1916 Arabic & Sussex pledge – German warning

6. IV. American Entrance Election of 1916 – Wilson (Dem.) – peace platform – Charles Evans Hughes (Rep.) – indecisive – close election preparedness program unrestricted submarine warfare – Jan. 1917 Zimmerman note – March 1917 declaration of war – April 1917 – Congressional vote: 82-6 & 373-50 – Janette Rankin – “No!” (important later)