1. September 23, 2015 Objectives: To develop a better understanding of the foundations of American Government.

2. C HAPTER 2: O RIGINS OF A MERICAN G OVERNMENT

3. 2.1 O UR P OLITICAL B EGINNINGS

4. Formation of the first governments of the 13 colonies What influenced the colonists? Old English Documents – –Magna Carta   (1215) first document to limit the King’s power   Established Due Process (Lords forced King John to sign) – –Habeas Corpus Act   (1678) government must tell you what you are being held for and show evidence against you. – –Petition of Right   (1628) Government could not tax without consent   Government could not quarter troops – –English Bill of Rights   (1689) Parliament replaced dominant power of King (legislative supremacy)   Trial by jury   No cruel and unusual punishment   Right to bear arms

5. Mayflower Compact Written and signed by 41 Pilgrims in 1620. The first example at self- government.

6. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut Americans first formal constitution-1639 Allowed citizens to elect officials to make laws.

7. The Virginia House of Burgesses First legislature in America- 1619. The ideals and origins established here would later factor into the writing of the Constitution.

8. C H. 2.2 T HE C OMING OF I NDEPENDENCE Navigation Acts: England control 13 colonies through a series of taxes and laws For more than 150 years Britain practiced salutary neglect toward the colonies. (Navigation Acts passed NOT enforced by England)

9. Britain Tightens Control What changed? – –Seven Years War (a.k.a. The French and Indian War) 1754-1763. – –George III became king in 1760.   Faced w/debt   Wants Colonies to pay their share!!!!

10. There’s a War to pay for!!! 1765 Stamp Act passed by Parliament First direct tax.(Legal documents, playing cards) 1765 Stamp Act Congress colonist meet to discuss Parliament Repealed in 1766, but…

11. The Coercive Acts or (The Intolerable Acts) Followed the “Boston Tea Party” Series of acts: – –Close port of Boston – –Quarter British Troops etc etc. Punitive measures to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party

12. United in Brotherhood We Will Not Comply 1773 Committees of Correspondence. 1774 Continental Congress 1775 2 nd Continental Congress

13. First Continental Congress September 5, 1774 in Philadelphia. All colonies present except Georgia. 56 men wrote and sent a letter of grievances and resolves to King George III ( The Olive Branch Petition.) Meet back the next year. Before meeting answer came on April 19, 1775. (KGIII “Nuts to this”)

14. Second Continental Congress May 1775 in Philadelphia 56 men from all 13 colonies. Chose John Hancock as president of Congress. Discuss relationship w/England Richard Henry Lee would propose resolutions for independence. Committee was appointed to write. – –“Explanation of Independence”

15. Final 5 Write down an example of representation in your lives…

16. Objectives: To develop a better understanding of the foundations of the American Constitution Objectives: To develop a better understanding of the foundations of the American Constitution

17. The Declaration of Independence Committee: – –Thomas Jefferson (VA) * – –Benjamin Franklin (PA) + – –John Adams (MA) + – –Roger Sherman (CT)+ – –Robert Livingston (NY)+ Selected to write the document. + Offered suggestions.

18. Historical Context Thomas Jefferson About The Author About The Author Born on April 13, 1743 in Virginia to a wealthy family. Born on April 13, 1743 in Virginia to a wealthy family. He was very well educated. Attended The College of William & Mary. He was very well educated. Attended The College of William & Mary. Served in the Virginia House of Burgesses. Served in the Virginia House of Burgesses. Eloquent correspondent, but not good public speaker Eloquent correspondent, but not good public speaker Known as the "silent member" of the Congress Known as the "silent member" of the Congress Was unanimously chosen by the Committee of Five to prepare a draft of the Declaration alone. Was unanimously chosen by the Committee of Five to prepare a draft of the Declaration alone.

19. Main Points of the Declaration of Independence All men are created equal. All men are created equal. “We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. Men are given by God certain unalienable rights. Men are given by God certain unalienable rights. “They are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.” We have the natural right by God to declare our independence from England. We have the natural right by God to declare our independence from England. “When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them…

20. Governments derive their authority from the consent of the people. Governments derive their authority from the consent of the people. “Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.” “Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.” When a government abuses it’s power, the people have the right to overthrow it. When a government abuses it’s power, the people have the right to overthrow it. “That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive to these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it… “That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive to these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it… The colonies tried repeatedly to compromise with King George, but has been a tyrant. The colonies tried repeatedly to compromise with King George, but has been a tyrant. “Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. “Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.

21. England refuses to accept=WAR Approved on July 2, 1776. Began signing on July 4, 1776. All had signed by August 4, 1776.

22. C H. 2.3: T HE C RITICAL P ERIOD

23. Friday Sept. 12, 2014 OTHER POWERPOINT Articles of Confederation First functioning Government Ratified in 1781 – –While Revolution is in progress Most real power with the States Binding was a ‘rope of sand’ Lots of quarrelling between the states Just one Congress – –Unicameral (one house) – –each State had 1 representative – –it took 9/13 States to pass a law – –it took 13/13 States to approve a treaty or amend the Articles – –No executive or judicial branch – –Could pass laws, make treaties, declare war & peace, borrow money, and create a postal system

24. Articles of Confederation has Problems

25. Weaknesses of the A of C 1. 1. Congress couldn't require States to obey national laws (no Judicial branch) 2. 2. The central government has little power over foreign trade 3. 3. Congress could not tax (ask states for money or borrow) = Nat’l Gov’t in debt 4. 4. The Confederation has no effective military force.

26. Weaknesses of the A of C 5. Each state issues its own coins and paper money 6. The Confederation must ask states for money to support the federal Government 7. At least nine states are required to pass legislation (difficult to pass laws) 8. Changes in the Articles require a unanimous vote of the thirteen, makes it impossible to change the constitution

27. Positive Contributions of the Art. of Conf. The Land Ordinance of 1785, stated that land in the west was to be surveyed using a grid system to establish 6 mile blocks The Land Ordinance of 1785, stated that land in the west was to be surveyed using a grid system to establish 6 mile blocks

28. Positive Contributions of the Art. of Conf. The Northwest Ordinance provides an orderly settlement process in the West The Northwest Ordinance provides an orderly settlement process in the West It promised It promised –no slavery –education –freedom of religion –trial by jury

29. Shay’s Rebellion-America’s first Civil War After war, American’s buying up luxury goods on credit. British began demanding money back, British leaned on importers, who leaned on shopkeepers, who leaned on farmers (most of whom were veterans of the Revolution) who had no money. After war, American’s buying up luxury goods on credit. British began demanding money back, British leaned on importers, who leaned on shopkeepers, who leaned on farmers (most of whom were veterans of the Revolution) who had no money. Farmers that lacked money, were put in debtors prison, sometimes for life. Farmers that lacked money, were put in debtors prison, sometimes for life. In Massachusetts, the state government raised taxes to pay off war debt (but where would money come from?) In Massachusetts, the state government raised taxes to pay off war debt (but where would money come from?)

30. Shay’s Rebellion-America’s first Civil War Farmers were hardest hit, so they banned together and rebelled, closing courthouses and burning records of debt. As the rebellion grew, the people looked to national government, which could do nothing because of Articles Farmers were hardest hit, so they banned together and rebelled, closing courthouses and burning records of debt. As the rebellion grew, the people looked to national government, which could do nothing because of Articles

31. Impact of Shay’s rebellion Following rebellion, Washington was quoted as saying, “What a triumph for our enemies to find that we are incapable of governing ourselves.” Following rebellion, Washington was quoted as saying, “What a triumph for our enemies to find that we are incapable of governing ourselves.”

32. Impact of Shay’s rebellion Calls for a convention to revise the Articles went out, and on May 25, 1787 delegates began working on the Constitution. Calls for a convention to revise the Articles went out, and on May 25, 1787 delegates began working on the Constitution. By the way, Shay fled to Vermont, pardoned in 1788, received his promised $20 a month pension by 1820 and died in 1825. By the way, Shay fled to Vermont, pardoned in 1788, received his promised $20 a month pension by 1820 and died in 1825.

33. C H.2.4 C REATING THE C ONSTITUTION S EPTEMBER 16, 2014 Objectives: To develop an understanding of the background to the U.S. Constitution Objectives: To develop an understanding of the background to the U.S. Constitution

34. We NEED a stronger Government!!! “Shay’s Rebellion” scares a lot of people – A Small Rebellion of Massachusetts farmers that were veterans of the war, and had not received pay, and many lost their farms due to debt. Have a ‘Constitutional Convention’ meet in Philadelphia, to rework the Articles – –Philadelphia in May 1787 End up creating a new Constitution

35. Constitutional Convention 55 delegates from 12 states meet ‘for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation’ – –“the well-bred, the well-fed, the well-read, and the well-wed” – –Average age is 42, 2/3 lawyers, 1/3 owned slaves No Rhode Island, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Sam Adams, John Hancock, or Patrick Henry! “Father of the Constitution” – –James Madison of Virginia – –Spoke over 200 times – –Took extensive notes

36. Constitutional Conflict!!! Virginia Plan – –Strong national government – –Three branches of government   (legislative, executive, judicial) – –Two houses of congress, based on population* – –Big states like it!   VA, Penn, NC, Mass, NY, MD The small state delegates are upset! Convention almost collapses.

37. The Virginia Plan Introduced by Edmund Randolph. Governmental Plan -Strong National Executive -Strong National Judicial – –Strong bicameral legislature. (Represetation based – –on population   Lower house chosen by the people.   Upper house chosen by the lower. – –Problem: Larger populated states would control.

38. The New Jersey Plan JUST before Virginia Plan vote, NJ introduced a new plan New Jersey Plan: Introduced by William Paterson. Governmental Plan: – –Keep main provisions of Articles of Confederation. – –Unicameral legislature, one vote for each state. – –Weak executive branch would be chosen by Congress. – –National judiciary with limited power chosen by Congress.

39. COMPROMISE PROCESS The Great Compromise The Connecticut Plan Introduced by Roger Sherman. – –Legislature be bicameral   House of Representatives based on state population (Please the big states).   Senate with two members from each state (Equal representation pleased small states) Established the process of compromise to solve issues!!!!

40. Representation of Slaves? – –South wanted slaves to be counted in population (this would increase South’s representation) – –North opposed: Elbridge Gerry (Mass) said” If you want slaves to count “make them citizens and let them vote.” – –3/5 Compromise 5 slaves would count as 3 people or 3/5 of person – –Also agreed Congress would not ban slave trade until 1808.

41. How to Elect the President? Liberals proposed Popular Vote Liberals proposed Popular Vote Conservatives feared and distrusted of people electing the President Conservatives feared and distrusted of people electing the President Compromise: Popular vote BUT………………… Compromise: Popular vote BUT………………… The people would not directly elect the President. The people would not directly elect the President. Each state would choose electors that would elect the President ( Electoral College )

42. Constitutional Convention Ends -Sept. 17, 1787 17 long weeks 42 original members sign No one was completely satisfied – –(so many compromises) – –CONVENTION DID NOT HAVE THE – –AUTHORITY TO ESTABLISH. – –MUST BE SENT TO THE STATES FOR RATIFICATION!!!!!!!!!!!!

43. C H. 2.5 R ATIFYING THE C ONSTITUTION September 18, 2014

44. R ATIFICATION Special State Elections – –Federalists: support acceptance Constitution Favored strong central gov’t lawyers, merchants, NE states. Alexander Hamilton -Anti Federalists: Opposed acceptance Constitution Too much federal power Not enough guarantee personal rights: BILL OF RIGHTS Thomas Jefferson

45. States Decide Constitution: four states quickly approve Massachusetts stern test Shaysists Lack of Bill of Rights 187-168 3 more states approve June 21, 1788 N.H. approves #9

46. Final states ratify Virginia Patrick Henry/George Mason oppose George Washington/James Madison support 89-79 support New York: Strong opposition Alexander Hamilton/John Jay Federalist Papers 30-27 support North Carolina Rhode Island 34-32 June 1790 (after gov’t began)

47. Minority Triumph Minority Triumph –Represented wealthy conservative factions –¼ of adult white males had voted for delegate Unusual methods (compromise) but created effective gov’t CONCLUSION

48. Shay’s Rebellion-America’s first Civil War After war, American’s buying up luxury goods on credit. British began demanding money back, British leaned on importers, who leaned on shopkeepers, who leaned on farmers (most of whom were veterans of the Revolution) who had no money. After war, American’s buying up luxury goods on credit. British began demanding money back, British leaned on importers, who leaned on shopkeepers, who leaned on farmers (most of whom were veterans of the Revolution) who had no money. Farmers that lacked money, were put in debtors prison, sometimes for life. Farmers that lacked money, were put in debtors prison, sometimes for life. In Massachusetts, the state government raised taxes to pay off war debt (but where would money come from?) In Massachusetts, the state government raised taxes to pay off war debt (but where would money come from?) Farmers were hardest hit, so they banned together and rebelled, closing courthouses and burning records of debt. As the rebellion grew, the people looked to national government, which could do nothing because of Articles Farmers were hardest hit, so they banned together and rebelled, closing courthouses and burning records of debt. As the rebellion grew, the people looked to national government, which could do nothing because of Articles

49. Impact of Shay’s rebellion Following rebellion, Washington was quoted as saying, “What a triumph for our enemies to find that we are incapable of governing ourselves.” Following rebellion, Washington was quoted as saying, “What a triumph for our enemies to find that we are incapable of governing ourselves.” And, “Good God! who besides a …Briton predicted them! were these people wiser than others, or did they judge of us from the corruption, and depravity of their own hearts? The latter I am persuaded was the case, and that notwithstanding the boasted virtue of America, we are far gone in every thing ignoble and bad.” And, “Good God! who besides a …Briton predicted them! were these people wiser than others, or did they judge of us from the corruption, and depravity of their own hearts? The latter I am persuaded was the case, and that notwithstanding the boasted virtue of America, we are far gone in every thing ignoble and bad.” Calls for a convention to revise the Articles went out, and on May 25, 1787 delegates began working on the Constitution. Calls for a convention to revise the Articles went out, and on May 25, 1787 delegates began working on the Constitution. By the way, Shay fled to Vermont, pardoned in 1788, received his promised $20 a month pension by 1820 and died in 1825. By the way, Shay fled to Vermont, pardoned in 1788, received his promised $20 a month pension by 1820 and died in 1825.