1. DNA Structure and Replication Mrs. Gamari

2. Oswald and Avery cont’d

3. Oswald and Avery

4. Experimental Evidence

5. Nucleic Acids Compounds that contain phosphate and nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Examples of nucleic acids:  DNA  RNA

6. DNA’s shape is often referred to as a “double helix” 1.8 meters of DNA must fit into the nucleus of human cells. Since cells are so small, and the nucleus even moreso, the DNA must curl up and coil to fit into such a small space. Think about curly hair vs. straight hair… when you pull at the piece of hair, it becomes straight and longer. When released, the piece of hair appears to get shorter when it curls up, taking up less space.

7. Structure of DNA Long chain of repeating units called nucleotides. A nucleotide has 3 main parts:  5-carbon sugar Deoxyribose (DNA) or ribose sugar (RNA)  Phosphate group  Nitrogenouse base A, C, G, T/U

8. Science Aid: DNA Structure and Replication scienceaid.co.uk/biology/genetics2/dna.html A Nucleotide

9. DNA DNA is double-stranded and its shape resembles a ladder. The sides of the ladder are made up of repeating sugar and phosphate groups. The rungs of the ladder are made of 2 bases bonded together by hydrogen bonds.

10. Latest from the Labs: Cells and DNA info.cancerresearchuk.org/.../cellsanddna/ The DNA molecule needs to coil and fold- up so that it can fit into the small nucleus. The Ladder The Double Helix

11. Base Pairing Rules DNA has 4 different nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The bases always pair the same way in a DNA molecule…unless a mutation occurs. Adenine always pairs with Thymine (2 H bonds) A-T Cytosine always pairs with Guanine. (3 H bonds) C-G

12. Science Aid: DNA Structure and Replication scienceaid.co.uk/biology/genetics2/dna.html DNA is really a pattern of repeating nucleotides. A DNA Sequence

13. http://68.90.81.6/ScienceTAKS/Integration/DNA%20&%20RNA.htm

14. Purines and Pyrimidines Guardian Angels are Pure, with Two Wings

15. Orientation of Molecule Antiparallel – Read strand 5’ to 3’. The other strand is oriented in the opposite direction with the 3’ end across from the 5’ end.

16. Concepts in Motion

17. Try it out! Below is one strand of a DNA molecule  GATTACA Determine the “complementary” strand of that same DNA molecule

18. Practice – use your “Nucleotide Kits” to build DNA molecules with complementary strands to the sequences below. GTATAGCCAGAG CTGTAGAGCTAGCAT CGCCTAACTAGTTAGG

19. CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING: Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide. Describe the structure of DNA using the ladder analogy. Adenine pairs with __________ Guanine pairs with __________

20. DNA Replication What does the term “replication” mean? Why would the cell need to replicate its DNA? Where does DNA replication take place?

21. Semiconservative Replication Parental strands separate and serve as templates for new strands of DNA. (Two new molecules of DNA are identical and each one has a new strand and an old strand)

22. Steps of Replication DNA molecule unwinds with the help of enzyme. Enzymes add complementary bases to build the new strands of DNA. Enzymes seal the two strands (one old and one new) together.

23. Replication Process DNA Replication Animation

24. Prokaryote and Eukaryote Replication Replication Fork: location where DNA molecule is untwisted and the strands separate from one another. How do prokaryote and eukaryote replication differ from one another?

25. DNA Replication Honors Biology Mrs. Gamari

26. DNA Replication What does the term “replication” mean? Why would the cell need to replicate its DNA? Where does DNA replication take place?

27. Semiconservative Replication Parental strands separate and serve as templates for new strands of DNA. (Two new molecules of DNA are identical and each one has a new strand and an old strand)

28. Steps of Replication DNA molecule unwinds with the help of enzyme. Enzymes add complementary bases to build the new strands of DNA. Enzymes seal the two strands (one old and one new) together.

30. Unwinding DNA helicase – unwinds double helix (hydrogen bonds broken) RNA primase adds a short segment of RNA, called an RNA primer, on each DNA strand

31. Base Pairing DNA Polymerase adds the appropriate nucleotides to the new DNA strand according to the code of the template strand. Nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the new DNA strand. Extended/Built 5’ to 3’..

32. Leading strand (5’-3’) – strand is continuously built by the addition of nucleotides to the 3’ end towards the replication fork. Lagging strand (3’-5’) – strand is discontinuously built. Elongates away from the replication fork. Small segments (Okazaki fragments ) are synthesized along template– could be 100 to 200 nucleotides long Semidiscontinuous replication?

33. Replication Process DNA Replication Animation Advanced DNA Replication Animation

34. Joining DNA polymerase removes the RNA primase. DNA ligase links the segments/fragments together. 2 DNA molecules wind themselves back up into double helix

35. Prokaryote and Eukaryote Replication Replication Fork: location where DNA molecule is untwisted and the strands separate from one another. How do prokaryote and eukaryote replication differ from one another?

36. DNA Keychain Model Label original DNA molecule with 5’ and 3’ ends. Label the leading/lagging strand. Mimic replication process by adding DNA nucleotides continuously or discontinuously according to the strand. Draw the correct number of hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases. Label where covalent bonds are located. Draw key for your DNA model. Include bonds.