1. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 1 TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue Cornell University Purdue University T. Anous K. Arndt R. S. Galik G. Bolla D. P. Peterson I. P. J. Shipsey J. Ledoux This project is supported, in part, by the US National Science Foundation (LEPP cooperative agreement) and by the US Department of Energy (Purdue HEP group base grant) and an LCDRD consortium grant (NSF and DoE). This project is in cooperation with LC-TPC. Further information available at the web sites: http://www.lepp.cornell.edu/~dpp/linear_collider/large_prototype.html http://www.lepp.cornell.edu/~dpp/linear_collider/tpc_test_lab_info.html * presentation at LCWS DESY 30-May-2007 Bulk Micromegas * presentation at ECFA Valencia 07-November-2006 electron and ion transmission * presentation at ALCPG Vancouver 18-July-2006 demonstration of ion signal * presentation at Berkeley TPC Workshop 08-April-2006 Purdue-3M Micromegas * presentation at ECFA 2005 Vienna 24-November-2005 * presentation at ALCPG Snowmass 23-August-2005 * presentation at LCWS05, Stanford 21-March-2005

2. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 2 in this talk … - Measurements using the small prototype TPC at Cornell a comparison of a Bulk Micromegas, B=0, Ar-isoC 4 H 10 (7%) a Purdue/3M Micromegas, B=0, Ar-isoC 4 H 10 (7%) a triple-GEM, B=0, TDR gas:Ar-CH 4 (5%)-CO 2 (2%) at B=0 same chamber, pads, readout, analysis - The endplate for the LC-TPC “Large-Prototype” status of design plans for production

3. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 3 TPC 14.6 cm ID field cage - accommodates a 10 cm gas amplification device 64 cm drift field length 22.2 cm OD outer structure (8.75 inch) “field cage termination” and “final” return lines for the field cage HV distribution allow adjustment of the termination bias voltage with an external resistor. Read-out end: field cage termination readout pad and gas amplification module pad biasing boards CLEO II cathode preamps

4. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 4 Electronics High voltage system: -20 kV module ( for the field cage) +4 kV module (GEM and Micromegas) -2 kV module (wire gas amplification) Readout: VME crate PC interface card LabView Struck FADC 88 channels 105 MHz (usually run at 25 MHz) 14 bit +/- 200 mV input range ( least count is 0.025mV ) NIM external trigger input circular memory buffer

5. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 5 TPC pad board Pad board with 2 mm pads. 80 pads on the board 4 layers of 2mm pads Resolution measurements are derived from the difference in residuals on adjacent 2mm pad rows. 5 layer of 5mm pads for track definition

6. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 6 Bulk Micromegas amplification The “bulk Micromegas”, was prepared on one of our pad boards by Paul Colas’ Saclay group. The device is a mesh supported by deposited insulators, 50 m. 10 cm

7. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 7 Bulk Micromegas amplification The Micromegas is located 0.78 cm from the field cage termination. HV is distributed to the pads; note blocking capacitors, HV resistors. Low voltage signals routed to preamps outside (on ribbon cable). Micromegas is at ground; pads at +410V for Ar-isoC 4 H 10 (7%). Bulk Micromegas measurements, Ar-iso C 4 H 10 (7%), were shown at DESY 2007. Current measurements have fully instrumented pad board and higher statistics.

8. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 8 Purdue-3M Micromegas amplification Measurements with the Purdue-3M Micromegas, using Ar-CO2 (10%) were shown at Vancouver 2006. Current measurements are with Ar-iso C 4 H 10 (7%), 400V. 10 cm

9. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 9 Purdue-3M Micromegas Micromegas is commercially made by the 3M corporation in a proprietary subtractive process starting with copper clad Kapton. This is a very different design with respect to the Bulk Micromegas. Holes are etched in the copper 70 mm spacing 35 mm diameter Copper thickness: 9  m Pillars: remains of etched Kapton. 50  m height 300  m diameter at base 1 mm spacing, square array The shiny surface of the pillars is due to charge build-up from the electron microscope. 1 mm 70  m

10. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 10 Triple-GEM amplification 10 cm triple-GEM 315V/GEM 3 transfers.165cm, 2300V/cm, Pads @ +2100V We typically run at very low gain: gain estimation : taking gain of single-GEM = 70 @ 380V running 55V lower; scale gain by 10 V/60 single-GEM gain is 8.5 triple-GEM gain is ~600 ??

11. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 11 Charge width / diffusion The charge width is extracted from the fraction of the total charge observed on 1,2 or 3 pads, shown above, assuming a gaussian charge distribution. ( The charge-fraction measurement in 1 and 2 pad saturates at small fraction. In that case, the highest charge-fraction is artificially high. ) The line indicates a diffusion constant of D=.0390 cm/(cm) 1/2. ( The measured width, and diffusion constant, may be reduced by the loss of small signals due to the opposite-sign pick-up, described in an earlier talk.) Also indicated are the number of pads that are typically contributing to a signal, indicating the number of pads that will be used in the spatial measurements.

12. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 12 Gas property: Charge width / diffusion this Karlen, measurement Snowmass 2005 E drift V/cm 220 230 D cm/(cm) 1/2 0.038 0.0348  o mm 0.83 0. 918 this Colas, measurement Vienna, 2005 iso C 4 H 10 7% 5% E drift V/cm 200 220 D cm/(cm) 1/2 0.039 0.0480

13. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 13 Drift velocity / Gain Ar-CH 4 (5%)–CO 2 (2%), 220V/cm, expect 43 mm/s. Observed time for a maximum drift 64.7 cm is (370 FADC time buckets)x(40ns/bucket), or 43.7 mm/s. Ar-isoC 4 H 10 (7%), 200V/cm, expect ~39 mm/s. Observed time for a maximum drift 64.7 cm is (405 FADC time buckets)x(40ns/bucket), or 39.9 mm/s. The gas gain of the triple GEM, 315V/GEM is estimated at ~ 600. The relative gains are readily determined from the average pulse heights. Bulk Micromegas (7% C 4 H 10, 410V) =0.81 3-GEM (Ar-CH 4 (5%)–CO 2 (2%), 315V/GEM) Purdue Micromegas (Ar-isoC 4 H 10 (7%), at 400V) = 3.6 Bulk Micromegas (7% C 4 H 10, at 410V) correcting by x10 per 60V, gain ratio (equal V)=5.3 Various sources

14. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 14 hit resolution (2mm pad) find tracks require time coincident signals in 7 layers there are 9 layers available: require 3 2mm-pad layer (average is > 3.9) find PH center using maximum PH pad plus nearest neighbors (total 2 to 4 pads) fit, deweighting the 5mm pad measurements point measurement low drift (narrow pad distribution function) hits are corrected for an “effective pad center” (This is not ideal, but it is what we are currently using.) plot the resolution difference extract the RMS of difference-in-residuals for adjacent 2mm layers pairs extract point resolution   = RMS / √2 Here, the containment width of the pad distribution function is small; any sharing indicates that the charge center of each pad is not the geometric center. Thus, there is a shift of the effective pad center.

15. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 15 cuts, calibration slope < 0.05 the trigger allows ~ 0.08 |x| < 11 mm removes poorly measured edge tracks residual in the single (2mm) layer < 0.4 mm requires consistent hits in adjacent 5mm layers although it is higher weighted in the fit fraction of signal in 1 pad < 99% much looser than previous analysis fraction of signal in 2 bins > (drift distance dependent ) removes events with significant noise distorting position measurement Pad-to-pad pulse height calibration ( as large as ± ~30% )

16. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 16 Hit resolution triple-GEM at 315V bulk Micromegas at gain=81% of that of the triple-GEM The fit is to the data, with same conditions, shown at LCWS DESY 2007 The results are very similar. Fit to =( 0 2 + D 2 /n x) 1/2 use D=.0415 cm/(cm) 1/2. result: n=17.4 ±.5  0 = 53 ±36 m  2 /dof = 1.7

17. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 17 Hit resolution The resolution for the Purdue-3M Micromegas is compared to that of the Bulk Micromegas. While the gain of the Purdue-3M device is 3.6 x that of the Bulk Micromegas, the resolution is significantly worse. The charge width (diffusion) was the same. Presumably, there is a loss of statics due to transmission.

18. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 18 small TPC : summary, outlook We show measurements of a Bulk Micromegas, Purdue-3M Micromegas, triple-GEM. same TPC, pads, readout analysis We are continuing preparations for comparative ion feed-back measurements. (graduate student) All measurements have been at B=0. We are planning a run at 1.5 T CLEO running will end April 2008 (after 28.5 years). Cornell proposes to reconfigure CESR for studies of a wiggler-dominated damping ring. If this proposal is funded, we will remove the CLEO “ZD” (5 years) and drift chamber (9 years) from solenoid as part of the CESR reconfiguration. This will open space in the CLEO magnet for a small prototype run at 1.5 Tesla. ( 4 weeks /year, maximum)

19. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 19 LC-TPC Large Prototype The LC-TPC collaboration is constructing a large prototype to study - issues related to tiling of a large area - system electronics - calibration methods - track finding in a large scale Micro-Pattern-Gas-Detector based readout. This chamber will be operated at The EUDET facility, at DESY, starting in 2008 60 cm drift length 80 cm diameter It is a cut-out region of an ILC TPC

20. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 20 LC-TPC Large Prototype Cornell responsibility… - endplate - mating module frames requirements… - dimensional tolerances - minimal material - maximum instrumented area Endplates are being designed in coordination with the field cage at DESY and meeting the module requirements for Micromegas modules (Saclay) and GEM modules (Saga)

21. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 21 LC-TPC Large Prototype The geometry has been defined by the collaboration. All modules will extend to a common distance into the field cage (28mm). The drift field will end at this point, the 5 th field band. There are 4 band (additionally 5 bands in the outer layer) used for field termination shaping.

22. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 22 LC-TPC Large Prototype Drawing have been prepared and sent to vendors for bidding (October 19). The endplate provides (7) identical locations for module installation. The details for the installation hole are defined once. Then the locations are defined.

23. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 23 LC-TPC Large Prototype The module “back-frame” (or “red thing”) drawing have been completed (October 22). An initial run of (2) each, GEM and Micromegas, will be make in the LEPP shop next week. These will allow production of the first modules.

24. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 24 LC-TPC Large Prototype y x The mechanical tolerances, driven by the need to decouple position and B field calibrations, require that we define a machining process to minimize internal stresses. A series of test plates were used to final study warping is various processes. 1) machine to 750 mm (0.030 inch) oversize, 2) stress relief (rapid immersion in liquid N 2 ) 3) machine to 250 mm (0.010 inch) oversize, 4) stress relief (rapid immersion in liquid N 2 ) 5) machine to drawing dimensions

25. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 25 LC-TPC Large Prototype A test plate was loaded with 2.6 millibar. Deformation was 7 m. The frames will be strengthened with a small increase in the “stiffening wing” The o-ring seal design was tested for leaking; the design provides satisfactory protection from oxygen contamination.

26. D. Peterson, “TPC R&D at Cornell and Purdue”, ALCPG07, Fermilab, 23-October-2007 26 LC-TPC Large Prototype Design of the LC-TPC “Large Prototype 1” endplate is ready for vendor selection. The design can be finalized during the selection process. The module “back-frames” are ready for production.