1. Interdisciplinary Study of the Stone Mould for Double Axe from Ada Tepe
PETIA PENKOVA
Laboratory for Analysis, Conservation and Restoration, National Institute of Archaeology with Museum
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria

2. Three Types Double Axes from the Territory of Bulgaria During the Late Bronze Age

3. THRAKIEN
Axes
Moulds

4. The Mould from Ada Tepe

5. The Mould from Breznik
(after Chernih 1978)

6. Moulds form Early Bronze Age

7. Moulds From Middle and Late Bronze Age

8. Period. Moulding Material Metal Copper Age Stone Cu
Summary of Metals and Moulds Techniques Used in the Copper and Bronze Ages
Period Moulding Material Metal
Copper Age Stone Cu
( B.C.) Cu/As
Early Bronze Age Stone Cu/Sn
( B.C.) (Cu/As)
Middle Bronze Age Stone Cu/Sn
( B.C.) (Some Bronze and clay)
Late Bronze Age Clay Cu/Sn/Pb
( B.C.) (Some stone and
bronzes)
(after Tylecote 1962)

9. The investigations of E. Chernih
Chemical groups Bi Ag Sn As Ni Co
X ≥ 0, ,003-0, , , , ,03-0,2
XI ≤ 0, ,0001-0, , , , ,003-0,2
XII ≤ 0, , , ≤0, ≤ 0, ≤ 0,01
Analysis on double axes from Late Bronze Age
Cu Sn Pb Zn Bi Ag Sb As Fe Ni Co Mn Au
Axe from
Semerdjievo base , ? 0, , ,1 0,05 0,006 0,
Kalugerovo base 3, , , , ,2 0,02 0,017 0,006 0,02 0,001
Kirkovo base 0, , , , ,8 0,4 0, ,01 ?
(after Chernih 1978)

10. Analysis of the crucible from Mucking

11. Analysis of the crucible from Mucking
Reaction Free Energy kJ/moleO2)
4Cu + O2 → 2Cu2O
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
2Pb + O2 → 2PbO
Sn + O2 → SnO
Free energies for formation of oxides (from Reed 1971).
metal Vapour pressure (mm Hg)
lead
copper x 10-4
tin x 10-4
Vapour pressure for different metallic elements at
1000º C (after Brandes 1983).

12. X-Ray Image of the Mould from Ada Tepe

13. The Mould from Breznik

14. The Results of the Analysis
Results from the EDXRF
analysis on the
mould from Ada Tepe
Results from the EDXRF
analysis on the
mould from Ada Tepe

15. Comparative Diagram of the Results from the Moulds of Ada Tepe and Breznik

16. References I. Panayotov. 1980. Bronze Rapiers, Swords and
Double Axes from Bulgaria. – Thracia, V, Е.
R. Tylecote Metallurgy in Archaeology. London.
Черных Горное дело и металлургия в
древнейшей Болгарии. София.
D. Dungworth A Note on the Analysis of Crusibles and moulds. –
Historical Metallurgy, 34 (2),
Barnes I nd. The analysis and Recreation of Bronze and Brass Mould
Residues. - The Laboratory of the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland 2, 40-44
J. Bayley Non-metallic evidences for metalworking. – Archaeometry. Proceedings of the 25 nd International Symposium, (Amsterdam)

17. Thank you for your attention