1. Our Colonial Heritage
Unit 3
By Mrs. Douglas

2. Spanish Borderlands
Lived in forts called presidios. These were not only shelters, but protection.
Mined gold and silver.
Set up buffers to keep out other settlers trying to steal, but still fought often.

3. St. Augustine Largest and most important presidio
Located on the Atlantic coast of Florida
Built walls of stone around the fort for protection

4. Ranches and Haciendas
Spanish settlers raised livestock on ranches and sold hides for money.
Haciendas were larger estates of land. They raised cattle and sheep by the thousands.
Horses were also reintroduced and changed the Indians way of life.

5. Missions
Missions were small religious communities of Catholic workers in the Spanish colonies.
Located in what is today Georgia.
The settlers goal was to persuade Indians to become Catholics as well as Spanish subjects.
They brought livestock, fruit trees and seeds for crops.
The Spanish and the Indians taught each other and lived together in the beginning. Many Indians became Catholics.
After time the missionaries forced the Indians to live and work for them. The missionaries used cruel treatment to control the Indians and many fought back destroying churches and other buildings.

6. New France
Settlers were very few. Established a trade with the Hurons.
France had been involved in civil wars which kept them from leaving.
King Louis XIV brought peace.
He hoped to rebuild the French Empire in North America and declared New France to be a royal colony which meant the King rather than the people would rule the colony.
King Louis XIV of France hoped to rebuild New France.

7. The French continue to Explore
The French wanted to find a route that would lead from the Mississippi river to Asia. Jaques Marquette and Louis Joliet and five others went out on an expedition in the name of King George.
The exploration gave France claim to the Mississippi River, one of the longest rivers in North America.

8. French Explore Louisiana
Another French explorer, Sieur de las Salle. He claimed the Mississippi River Valley and all of its tributaries for France. It extended from the Appalachian Mountains in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west and from the Great Lakes in the north to the Gulf of Mexico in the south. La Salle named the area Louisiana to honor King Louis XIV.

9. La Salle tried to establish a settlement in the region however, hardships lead to disagreements and La Salle was killed by one of his own settlers.
The king sent two more explorers to find the river La Salle had discovered. They found the river and the settlement.
La Salle

10. In 1712 the French king made Louisiana a proprietary colony
In 1712 the French king made Louisiana a proprietary colony. This meant that the king gave ownership to one person, and allowed that person to rule. In 1717 John Law, a Scottish banker, became proprietor, or owner. He formed a company to build plantations and towns. He brought in thousands of settlers. In 1722 the town of New Orleans became Louisiana’s capital.

11. Thirteen British Colonies
By the 1730s the British had settled along the Atlantic Coast from present-day Main to Georgia. In time the area contained not one British colony, but thirteen. Each was formed in its own way and for its own purpose. And in each, the settlers had their own hopes and dreams for their new home.

12. Southern Colonies Virginia and Maryland were the first.
They began with the settlement of Jamestown. The Virginia Company of London started Jamestown as a trading post.
Later they began to grow tobacco as a cash crop which they sold all over Europe and made huge profits.
The king took control of the colony and kept all of the profits.
In Maryland King Charles I started the Chesapeake Bay colony. They welcomed settlers of all religions and passed the first law to guarantee people religions freedom in North America.

13. New England Colonies
These settlers disagreed with the practices of the Church of England. They did not separate from the church, as the pilgrims did, but they wanted to make the church more “pure.” For this reason they called themselves Puritans.
They built many settlements around Boston. Religion was the center of their life.
All newcomers to the colony were expected to follow the Puritan beliefs. Those who did were given land. Those who did not were not welcomed.
Decisions made about the government in many New England towns were made by citizens at town meetings. Only by white men.

14. New Puritan Colonies
Reverend Thomas Hooker started the Connecticut colony. He believed that government should be based on what the people wanted. His colony adopted the Fundamental Orders which was the first written system of government in North America. The order allowed men to elect their government leaders.

15. New Puritan Colonies
Roger Williams started the settlement of Providence in present-day Rhode Island.
He had been forced out of Massachusetts Bay for asking for more freedom.

16. Middle Colonies
Dutch colonists from the Netherlands built settlements called New Netherland along the Hudson River in parts of what are today New York, and New Jersey.
They founded the city of New Amsterdam.
Colonists came from Sweden and established New Sweden.
In British forces seized both New Sweden and New Netherland. The king gave the colonies to his brother James, the Duke of York. The land was split up and given the names of New York and New Jersey
In 1681 the British king gave William Penn a charter that made him proprietor of Pennsylvania.

17. William Penn
Was a member of the Society of Friends a religious group also known as the Quakers.
Quakers were often treated unfairly because of their beliefs.
Penn wanted to create a refuge for the Quakers and others so people could worship as they pleased.
They named their colony Pennsylvania which meant Penn’s woods.
People came from all over Europe to Penn’s refuge.

18. The Southern Colonies
Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.
North Carolina developed as a colony of small farms.
South Carolina became huge farms in the style of Spanish Plantations. The main cash crop was rice. On land where rice could not grow they found they could grow indigo, a plant from which blue dye is made.
These plantations required many workers. Many landowners filled this need by buying enslaved Africans.

19. His plan did not work because so many took advantage of the offer.
James Oglethorpe was given a charter to settle Georgia, a colony named for King George III. Oglethorpe had the idea of bringing over debtors, people who had been in prison for owing money, to settle the colony.
He offered each debtor 50 acres of land plus a bonus of 50 acres for every debtor the settler brought along to help with the work of the farm.
His plan did not work because so many took advantage of the offer.
Oglethorpe

20. Review of the 13 Colonies Virginia – a business venture
Maryland – proprietary colony, business venture
Massachusetts – Puritans acquired charter
Connecticut – started by Hooker and followers
Rhode Island – started by Williams and Hutchinson and their followers
New Hampshire – started by Massachusetts business people
New York and New Jersey – started by Dutch and Swedish Colonists
Delaware – started by Swedish Colonists
Pennsylvania – founded by William Penn and his followers
North and South Carolina – divided among 8 proprietors
George – founded by Oglethorpe

21. What was life like in the colonies you ask?

22. Life in the Towns and Cities
“Every man lives in a tidy warm house, has plenty of good food and fuel, with whole clothes from head to foot made by his family,” said one settler.
On every lane there was a home with a garden and pens for sheep, chicken and pigs.
A meeting house was the center of town where people worshiped together and had town meetings.
They had a constable, or police officer, who made sure people obeyed laws.
Towns set up militias or volunteer armies to fight if attacked.

23. Colonial Days by E.L. Henry

24. Market Towns
Farmers traveled to Market towns to trade their farm produce – grains, fruits and vegetables for goods and services.
Most towns had a general store that sold imports such as tea, sugar, spices, cloth, shoes, stockings, and buttons.
The cobbler shop repaired shoes.
The blacksmith made horseshoes, hinges, and nails.
At the gristmill grain was made into flour and meal.
At the sawmill logs were sawed into lumber.

25. Market Towns

26. County Seats
People on plantations would travel a few times a year to county seats where they went to church, held dances, and traded crops for goods.
Slaves were bought and sold.
Courthouse and jail were located here.
White men would meet to make laws and vote.

27. Cities New York City, Philadelphia and Charleston.
Cities had good harbors and grew because of trade.
Goods came in as imports and goods were shipped out as exports. Exports included fur, lumber and dried fish. Fur was the most common export. The major product that was exported was tobacco.
Some ships followed the triangular trade route. These routes linked Britain, the British colonies and the Atlantic Ocean.

28. Triangular Trade Route
Traders carried manufactured goods from Britain and raw materials from the 13 colonies and the West Indies. They also carried exported slaves from Africa.

29. Life on Plantations Virginia, Maryland, Carolinas, and Georgia.
Plantations grew cash crops and made owners rich!
Plantations needed many workers. Most plantation owners used enslaved Africans to work on their plantations.
On a plantation the owner lived in the main house while slaves lived in small buildings nearby.

30. Money was rarely used in the plantation economy
Money was rarely used in the plantation economy. Instead, crops were used to trade.
Owners of the largest plantations most often sold their crops through a British broker. A broker is a person who is paid to buy and sell for someone else. Planters sent their crops to Britain with a list of things they wanted the broker to buy for them. The broker then sold the crops, bought what the planter wanted, and sent the goods back to the colonies.

32. Servants and Slaves
On small plantations everyone in the family worked.
As plantations grew, planters added more workers.
In time, the main job of the planter’s family was to help watch over the work of others – both servants and slaves.
Many of the earliest workers of the Americas came as indentured servants. An indentured servant was a person who agreed to work for another person without pay for a certain length of time. Many indentured servants were Europeans who had wanted to move to the colonies but had no money. A planter or other business owner paid for the trip, and the person agreed to work without pay for anywhere from 2 to 7 years then they were free.

33. 5 generations of slaves working a plantation in Southern Carolina

34. Slaves were sold at auctions or public sale after they were kidnapped
Slaves were sold at auctions or public sale after they were kidnapped. They had no choice about where they would go or what they would do.

35. Life on the Frontier
Settlers hoped to make a piece of the frontier, or open land, into a farm where they could build a house and raise a family.
Many German and Scottish-Irish immigrants moved into the backcountry. To get there, they followed an old Indian trail which became known as the Great Wagon Road.
The road was hilly and difficult. In many areas it was so slippery even the horses fell to their knees.
They traveled along fall lines where the land dropped sharply causing rivers to form waterfalls.
Daniel Boone settled the backcountry and helped make new roads to make travel easier.

36. Daniel Boone and his family.

37. Living in the Backcountry
Life was simple.
People lived in log huts with chimneys made of sticks and mud.
Most houses had one room with a dirt floor.
Light came in through a door in the daytime and the fireplace at night.
Families burned wood in the fireplace to cook and keep their homes warm.
At night adults spread blankets over dry leaves on the floor to sleep and children slept in a loft, a part of the house between the ceiling and the roof.
People worked hard for their food by hunting and farming.
They made almost everything they needed including clothes, soap and candles.

38. A settler named Oliver Johnson remembered sleeping in a loft growing up on the frontier:
“If you slept in the loft, you pulled your head under the covers during a storm. When you got up in the mornin you shake the snow off the covers, grab your shirt and britches and hop down the ladder to the fireplace, where it was good and warm.”

39. The Ohio River Valley
British fur traders had crossed the Appalachian Mountains in the Ohio River Valley.
British fur traders moved into the Ohio River Valley to take the fur trade away from the French. To do this, British offered the Indians more goods for fewer furs. Therefore, Indians traded with the British rather than the French.
Bad feelings between the British and the French were the result and war was eminent.

40. The colonists flourish and are now living, trading and building on the new land. Over the years they grow tired of British rule. How can a king rule from so far away? Why can’t the people make decisions that affect their lives? They decided to break away from British rule, but it would be a fight….