4. Two types of molecules make a fat

6. R groups determine the type of amino acid Amino group Acid group

7. Animation 5.9.3

10. Reactant Product Negative change in free energy Reactant Product

11. Animation 6.16

12. ATP helps to couple reactions

20. The surface area to volume ratio increases with smaller size By subdividing a large volume into smaller volume increase the SA/Vol ratio

26. The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and various kinds of vacuoles. It can be used to add to the membrane system and also to modify it.

27. Chloroplasts convert radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy the plant can use. Its inner membrane is composed of flattened sacs called thylakoids. A stack of these is called a granum. The thylakoid membrane have a green pigment called chlorophyll in them. Chloroplasts are part of a larger group of organelles called plastids. Leukoplasts are colorless and are used for storage (e.g. amyloplasts store starch). Chromoplasts have colored pigments.

28. 9 + 2 structure found in eukaryotes Basal body has 9 triplets identical to the centriole

47. NAD + recycled

48. NADox is recycled back to glycolysis

49. Regulation such as feedback inhibition controls how much ATP is produced

60. Types of cell communication

61. 3 Stages of Cell Signaling

62. 4 Types of Signal Reception G-Protein- Linked Tyrosine - Kinase Ligand-gated ion channels Intracellular Receptors

63. Signal Transduction Pathways or Relay Molecules pass information INTO the cell Transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a protein Usually serine or threonine is phosphorylated To REVERSE the process, protein phosphatases remove the phosphate groups

64. Some relay molecules are NOT proteins - Second Messengers Two kinds of second messengers are cAMP and Calcium ions

65. Page 199 Calcium can bind to Calmodulin

66. Enzyme Cascade Effect amplifies the response

70. Binary Fission

71. Cdk and Cyclin combine to form MPF - which is an active from of Cdk MPF will phosphorylate many enzymes - which will move the cell past the G 2 checkpoint into M phase - it will also make a proteolytic enzyme that destroys cyclin and thus turn off MPF MPF is only active when there is a high cyclin concentration

79. Law of Independent Assortment

80. Crossing Over p236