3.  Statement of the Problem  Review of related literature  Statement of Hypothesis

4. Lack of both parental involvement and resources negatively affect the reading scores of students with low S.E.S.

5.  Family literacy as a third space between home and school (Pahl & Kelly, 2005).  Interactive homework assignments (Bailey, 2006)  Reading First: A component of the No Child Left Behind Act (Whitfield, 2005)  School support strategies (Sen. et al.,2009)  Explicit Phonemic Awareness and Decoding Skills Instruction (Ryder,2007)

6. Pro Con Parent involvement can positively affect academic achievement and help to solve some behavioral problems. (Domina,2005 & Patall et.al 2008 & Senechal; Young 2008) Parent educational level, social status as well as the student’s environment can affect students negatively. (Tam 2009 & Walberg, 1976& 1981 & Eccleston et.al, 2010 & Horvat- McNamara et.al, 2003 & Myberg, 2008) There is a push to “build a bridge” between schools and parents. (Reed,2009 &Bailey, 2006 & Watkins, 1997 & Cook, 2005 & Goddard et.al,2001) Low Income working parents face unique barriers that hinder parental involvement. (Heymann ;Earle 2000) There are school base strategies that are in place to help children to succeed in homework. (Margolis, 2004 & Ryder, 2007 & Sen et. al. 2009 & Whitfield, 2005) Educators are failing in their efforts to communicate with parents and assign homework. (Margolis, 2004 & Skinner 2004 & Gill, 2003) Tutoring centers such as Sylvan learning center, Kumon and Huntington learning centers are available. Outside tutoring can be costly. Parents of low SES have limited resources. (Horvat et.al, 2003)

7. HR1: Implementing reading instruction for 15 minutes five days a week over an eight week period will improve the literacy scores of 10 at-risk first grade students of school x.

8. Bailey, L. (October 2006). Interactive Homework: A Tool for Fostering Parent-Child Interactions and Improving Learning Outcomes for At-Risk Young Children. Early Childhood Education Journal. 105 1 155-167 Cook, M.(July 2005). ‘A Place of Their Own’: creating a classroom ‘third space’ to support a continuum of text construction between home and school. Literacy. 39 85-90 Domina, T. (July 2005). Leveling the Home Advantage: Assessing the effectiveness of Parental Involvement in Elelmentary School. Sociology of Education. 78 233-249 Heymann, S. J.; Earle, A. (Winter 2008). Low Income Parents: How do Working Conditions Affect Their Opportunity To Help School-Age Children At Risk. American Educational Research Journal. 37 4 33-848 Horvat, E.; Weininger, E.B.; Lareau, A. (Summer 2003). From Social Ties To Social Capital: Class differences in the Relations Between Schools and Parent Networks. American Eucational Research Journal. 40 2 319-351 Margolis, H. (October 2004). Resolving Struggling Learners’ Homework Difficulties: Working With Elementary School Learners and Parents. Reading Psychology An International Quarterly. 25 4 225-260 Pahl, K. ; Kelly, S. (July 2005). Family Literacy As A Third Space Between Home and School: Some Case Studies of Practice. Literacy. 91-97 Reed, W. A. (2009). The Bridge is Built: The Role of Local Teachers in an Urban Elementary School. The School Community Journal 19 1 59-75

9. Ryder, J.; Tummer, W.; Greaney, K. (Explicit Instruction in Phonemic Awareness and Phonemically Based Decoding Skills as an Intervention Strategy for Struggling Readers in Whole Language Classrooms. Reading And Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal. 21 4 349-369 Sen., A.; Burns, S.; Miller, D. (September 2009). Teacher Strategies To Help Fourth-Graders Having Difficulty in Reading: An International Perspective. National Center For Education Statistics. 1-16 Senechal, M; Young L. (September 2008). The Effect of Family Literacy Interventions On Children's’ Acquisition Of Reading From Kindergarten to Grade 3: A Meta Analytic Review. 880-907 Tam, V. C.; Chan, Raymond. (2008) Parent Involvement In Primary Children’s Home Work In Hong Kong. School Community Journal. 19 2 81-100 Watkins, T. (September-October 1997). Teacher Communication, Child Achievement And Parent Traits in Parent Involvement Models. Journal of Education Research 91 1 81-100 Whitfield, P.; (2005). No Child Left Behind : Leaving The Arts Behind In Developing Young Children’s Literacy. 11 2 43-54