1. EUROPE IN THE 1800s

3. REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 There are fifty revolts in the first four months of 1848, starts in France France: due to economic problems and the middle class wants the right to vote – Revolt is successful: the king is overthrown and the Second Republic is established with Louis-Napoleon as president Austria: the Austrian Empire is a multinational state and each nationality wants its own government – Revolt fails – crushed by the Austrian army

5. German and Italian States: people in both the Italian and German states want constitutions and unification – Revolt fails – crushed by the Austrian army There are no revolutions in Great Britain and Russia – Great Britain is slowly giving people reforms, such as suffrage – In Russia they were too repressed and scared of their czar

7. CRIMEAN WAR War between France, Great Britain, and the Ottoman Empire against Russia – Russia loses The major effect is that it destroyed the Concert of Europe

8. THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY Italians turn to the Italian state of Sardinia-Piedmont for leadership in achieving unification – It was the only independent state and had a constitution – The mastermind of Italian Unification is Prime Minister Camillo di Cavour For unification to happen, Austria had to be expelled from all Italian lands – Since they were not strong enough on their own, the Italians made an alliance with France – After a brief, but victorious, war against Austria, the northern Italian states join with Sardinia-Piedmont

9. Southern Italian states turn to Guiseppe Garibaldi to unify them – Forms a volunteer army known as the Red Shirts On March 17, 1861 the new kingdom of Italy is proclaimed – Rome is named the capital of Italy – The Catholic Church is against the newly unified Italy

12. THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY Germans turned to Prussia for leadership and unification since Austria is against the idea of a unified Germany – Has a strong military and is an industrialized nation – Ruled by King Wilhelm I

13. The true architect behind German unification is Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck – Conservative who supported the king, believed it was Prussia’s destiny to lead the German people to unification – Wanted to increase the power of the Prussian military “The greatest questions of the day are decided not by speeches and majority vote, but by blood and iron” – He followed an active foreign policy that led to war uniting Germany

15. Went to war against Austria to prove that Prussia was the dominant German nation – They defeated the Austrians in seven weeks and the northern German states join with Prussia The southern German states, who were mostly Catholic, feared Protestant Prussia – However they also fear France and they sign a military alliance with Prussia in case of French aggression

16. Franco-Prussian War 1870 – France is believed to have the best army in the world They lose to Prussia in six weeks The Prussian army crosses into France and at the Battle of Seden captures an entire French army, along with Napoleon III (Louis-Napoleon) Paris surrenders and the Second French Empire falls – First Treaty of Versailles France has to pay five billion francs and give up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine France now wants revenge

17. January 18, 1871 at the Palace of Versailles, Wilhelm I is proclaimed kaiser (emperor) of a unified German empire – Unity achieved by the army and war The unification of Italy and Germany greatly upset the balance of power in Europe Bismarck’s greatest fear following this victory is that France and Russia will form a military alliance

19. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND Queen Victoria became queen in 1837 and ruled until 1901 – Known as the Victorian Age and was a time of economic growth and political changes that made the country more democratic – Great Britain is the most stable nation in Europe

20. Women’s suffrage movement – Suffragists = people who worked to achieve voting rights for women – Started out by lobbying Parliament, were ignored – Emmeline Pankhurst created the Women’s Social and Political Union Used destructive tactics, such as breaking windows and arson to gain attention – Women gained the right to vote in 1918

22. Irish Potato Famine of 1846 – One million starved to death, another 1.5 million left the country, most emigrated to the U.S. – 1860s the Irish began to fight for independence and home rule

24. AUSTRIAN EMPIRE/AUSTRIA-HUNGARY The defeat in the Austro-Prussian War showed the weakness of Austria and forced Austria to make concessions to the fiercely nationalistic Hungarians – Compromise of 1867 – creates the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary – Austria and Hungary were two separate and equal states each country had its own constitution, parliament, and capital Did not satisfy other nationalities, still troubled by conflicts

26. RUSSIA Largely rural, agricultural, and the czar is a divine right monarch with absolute power – The gov’t is based on soldiers, secret police, repression, and censorship Nicholas II begins his rule in 1894 and begins rapid industrialization – Factories with pitiful working and living conditions – Socialist parties develop, one group being the Marxists who followed the communist theories of Karl Marx Leader Vladimir Lenin of the Bolsheviks called for the overthrow of the czar

27. 1904 – Russia loses to Japan in the Russo-Japanese War – Discontent and opposition to the czarist regime grows “Bloody Sunday”– January 22, 1905 – Massive procession of workers go to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to present a list of grievances to the czar, want better working conditions Troops open fire on the peaceful demonstration, killing and injuring hundreds Causes workers throughout Russia to go on strike and students to riot in the streets

29. – Nicholas is forced to create the Duma = a legislative assembly that would approve all laws – However the reforms are short-lived Within two years the czar takes away most of the power of the Duma and uses the army to rule

30. THE UNITED STATES IN THE 1800S Expansion of the United States – 1803 Louisiana Purchase – bought land from France which doubled the size of the U.S. – Monroe Doctrine – declared that the Americas were off-limits to further European colonization – Settlers in Texas rebel against Mexico and achieve independence – Mexican-American War(1846-1848) over Texas being admitted as a state and other disputes U.S. wins and gains land in the Southwest

31. – Manifest destiny = Americans have the God- given right to expand and settle all land to the Pacific ocean – Indian Removal Act of 1830 called for the removal of all Native Americans to Indian Territory Trail of Tears – the Cherokee march to Indian Territory was deadly and ¼ die along the way

33. Civil War is fought from 1861 to 1865 over the issue of state rights – One of these is the issue of slavery Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 Emancipation = the act of setting free – Abolitionism = movement to end slavery – Southern states secede (withdraw) from the U.S. and form their own government – The north fights back and the country is reunited

35. Between 1870-1914 the U.S. becomes an industrial power with a foreign empire – Gains Samoa, depose Queen Liliuokalani and annex Hawaii in 1898 – have lots of sugar plantations there – 1898 Spanish-American War – win and gain Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines Filipinos are angry and want independence and one Filipino even assassinates President McKinley

36. CONCLUSION Progress had been made towards establishing constitutions, parliaments, and individual liberties Political democracy was characterized by universal male suffrage and ministerial responsibility

37. Book work – Individual or partner Pg. 737-738 : #1-12 Below are the sections you’ll find #1-8 Section 1 (713-717): #1,2, #8 (side of page) Section 2 (718-722): #3,4 Section 3 (723-727): #5 Section 4 (728-732): #6,7 For #9-12, use read the corresponding pages: #9 – a (715), b (717), c (714-715) #10 – a (719), b (720), c (719) #11 – a (724, “Forming a new govt”), b (724, “Turmoil in Europe”), c (726-727, “The Balkans”) #12 – a (732), b (729), c (730, picture on 731, 732)