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Published byRaymond Chase Modified over 9 years ago
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Ch. 23 Europe Faces Revolutions
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Nationalism Develops Nationalism and Nation-States ▫Nationalism—loyalty to a nation rather than a king or empire0 ▫Nation-State—nation with its own independent government ▫1815: Only France, England and Spain are nation- states ▫Liberals and radicals support nationalism ▫3 types of nationalist movements: Unification: Merges culturally similar lands Separation: Splits off culturally distinct groups State-building: Binds separate cultures into one
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Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power Greeks Gain Independence ▫Balkans—region controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800s. ▫Rebel against Ottomans in 1821 ▫Popular support for revolution -Britain, France, and Russia contribute ▫1830: Independence
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Continued 1830s: Uprisings Crushed ▫Old order breaks down ▫Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and nationalists launch revolts ▫Mid-1830s: Conservatives back in control 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite ▫Ethnic uprisings (Esp. in Austrian Empire) ▫Liberals hold power for short time, but conservative status-quo restored (Prussian and Austrian armies restore monarchy).
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Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires Austria ▫1866: -Defeat in Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) -Hungarian nationalism -Empire split into Austria and Hungary -Still ruled by emperor Russia ▫Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt Russian culture policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic nationalism
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Italian Unification ▫Camillo di Cavour— prime minister of Sardinia in 1852 -WinsAustrian- controlled Italian land -Helps nationalist rebels in southern Italy ▫Giuseppe Garibaldi -Red shirts -Victor Emmanuel rules as king after unification
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German Unification Prussia Leads German Unification -Prussia has advantages that help it unify Germany -mainly German population -powerful army -liberal constitution Bismarck -Junkers: Conservative wealthy landowners— support Prussian Wilhelm I -Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister -Realpolitik:power politics without idealism -Bismarck defies Prussian parliament
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Continued Prussia Expands -Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces Seven Weeks War -Provoke war w/ Austria -Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany -Eastern and western Prussia joined The Franco-Prussian War -Provoke war with France to unite all Germans -Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser—emperor of a united Germany—at Versailles -United Germany w/ Prussian dominance
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Effects Balance Is Lost -In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe: Austria Prussia Britain France Russia -By 1871, Britain and Germany more powerful -Austria and Russia weaker militarily and economically
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