1. Chapter 4 Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, & Matter Cycling © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

2. Chapter Outline 1. Ecosystem Concepts Components and organization of EcologyComponents and organization of Ecology 2. Food Webs & Energy Flow autotrophs, heterotrophs, productivity, efficiencyautotrophs, heterotrophs, productivity, efficiency 3. Nutrient Cycles water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphoruswater, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus 4. Ecosystem Services importance of ecosystemsimportance of ecosystems © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

3. Ecosystem Concepts Ecology: study of relationships between organisms & their environment biosphere ecosystem community population organism © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Realm of ecology

6. Organism organism: any form of life classified into species species: groups of organisms that resemble each other and can potentially interbreed There are estimated to be 3.6 - 100 million species Only about 1.8 million species named © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

7. Fun Species Names Aha ha

8. Fun Species Names Abra cadabra

9. Fun Species Names Gelae baen, Gelae belae, Gelae donut, Gelae fish

10. Fun Species Names Heerz lukenatcha

11. Fun Species Names Pieza kake fly

12. Fun Species Names (Agathidium bushi, A. cheneyi, A. rumsfeldi)

13. Fun Species Names Agra vation

14. Fun Species Names Caloplaca obamae

15. Fun Species Names Agathidium vaderi

16. Fun Species Names Aptostichus stephencolberti

17. Fun Species Names Agra katewinsletae

18. Fun Species Names Sylvilagus palustris hefneri

19. Fun Species Names Pheidole harrisonfordi

20. Fun Species Names GoldenPalace.com monkey (Callicebus aureipalatii)

21. Population Population: a group of interacting individuals of the same species Examples: school of fish white oak trees in a forest people in a city © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

22. Communities Communities: populations of all species living together in a given area Example: Redwood forest community: populations of redwood populations of other trees populations of animals populations of microorganisms © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

23. Ecosystem Ecosystem: a community of different species interacting with one another & with their non–living environment Examples: a patch of woods a lake or pond a farm field your mouth © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

25. Biome Biomes: large land area characterized by a distinct climate & specific populations Major biomes: temperate grassland temperate deciduous forest desert tropical rain forest tropical deciduous forest tropical savannah coniferous forest tundra © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

27. Aquatic Life Zone Aquatic Life Zone: major marine or freshwater portion of the ecosphere, containing numerous ecosystems Major aquatic life zones: lakes streams estuaries coastlines coral reefs deep ocean © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

28. Major Components of Ecosystems © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP abiotic: non-living components – –e.g., water, air, nutrients, & solar energy biotic: living components –e.g., plants, animals, & microorganisms

29. Biotic Components producers (autotrophs "self–feeders"): make their own food from abiotic compounds. most by photosynthesis, e.g., green plants a few by chemosynthesis, e.g., some bacteria © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

30. Biotic Components consumers (heterotrophs "other–feeders"): get their energy & nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains. omnivores carnivores herbivores decomposers © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

31. Consumers (heterotrophs) herbivore: consumers that only feed on plants herbivore: consumers that only feed on plants

32. Consumers (heterotrophs) carnivores: consumers that only feed on animals carnivores: consumers that only feed on animals += Former Conestoga student, Doug Petock

34. Consumers (heterotrophs) omnivores: consumers that feed on both plants & animals 15 pound “belly buster” cheeseburger

36. Consumers (heterotrophs) scavengers: feed on dead organisms

37. Consumers (heterotrophs) detritivores: feed on detritus (partially decomposed organic matter, such as leaf litter & animal dung) and breakdown this organic material into smaller particles

38. Consumers (heterotrophs) decomposers: consumers that complete the “circle of life” by digesting organic materials into smaller molecules

42. Consumers (heterotrophs) primary consumers: (herbivores) feed directly on producers secondary consumers: (carnivores) feed on primary consumers tertiary consumers: feed on carnivores © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

43. Aquatic Ecosystems

44. Terrestrial Ecosystems

45. Limiting Factor Limiting Factor: an environmental factor that is more important than other factors in regulating survival, growth, or reproduction too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth tolerance: distribution & abundance of a species determined by range of physical or chemical factors © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

46. Range of Tolerance