1. Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Section 4 Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

2. Setting the Scene: The Hapsburgs had controlled the Holy Roman Empire for nearly 400 years when Napoleon invaded the German-speaking states. Austria's center of power now lay in Eastern Europe. Further wars resulted in continued loss of territory to Germany and Italy. Why did nationalism bring new strength to some countries and weaken others? In Eastern Europe, the Austrian Hapsburgs and the Ottoman Turks ruled lands that included diverse ethnic groups. Nationalist feelings among these subject people contributed to tensions building across Europe.

3. I. A Declining Empire In 1800, the Hapsburgs were the oldest ruling house in Europe and presided over a multinational empire

4. I. A Declining Empire Austrian emperor Francis I and his foreign minister Metternich upheld conservative goals against liberal forces Klemens von MetternichEmperor Francis I

5. I. A Declining Empire The government tried to limit industry development, which threatened traditional ways of life

6. I. A Declining Empire By the 1840s, factories were springing up and the Hapsburgs were facing the problems of industrial life

7. I. A Declining Empire The Hapsburgs ignored nationalist demands and crushed nationalist revolts

8. I. A Declining Empire In 1848, Francis Joseph inherited the Hapsburg throne and faced many challenges Franz Josef - Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary 1848-1916

9. I. A Declining Empire After Austria was defeated by France and Sardinia in 1859, Francis Joseph made some limited reforms

10. I. A Declining Empire The legislature became dominated by Austrians and reforms failed to satisfy other national groups

11. I. A Declining Empire The Hungarians were determined to achieve total self-government

12. II. The Dual Monarchy In 1867, Hungarian leader Francis Deak worked out a compromise that created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

13. II. The Dual Monarchy Austria and Hungary were separate states with their own constitution and parliament and Francis Joseph ruled both

14. II. The Dual Monarchy Other nationalists resented the compromise, and unrest often left the government paralyzed

15. III. Balkan Nationalism The Ottomans ruled a multi­national empire that included Eastern Europe, the Balkans, North Africa and the Middle East

16. III. Balkan Nationalism During the 1800s, various nationalist groups revolted against the Ottomans, hoping to set up their own independent states

17. III. Balkan Nationalism The Ottoman empire became "the sick man of Europe" and scrambled to divide it up

18. III. Balkan Nationalism Russia, Austria-Hungary, Britain and France all began to expand into Ottoman lands

19. III. Balkan Nationalism These competing interests contributed to a series of crises and wars in the Balkans

20. III. Balkan Nationalism By the early 1900s, the region was known as the "Balkan powder keg" and the explosion that came in 1914 set off World War I Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie in Sarajevo (1914)