1. History of the Ottoman Empire

2. The Byzantine Empire crumbles By 1300, the Byzantine Empire was declining This left nomadic Seljuk Turks in the area of central Anatolia Many of these people saw themselves as ghazis, warriors for Islam who belonged to a military society with a strict code of conduct

3. The Byzantine Empire Crumbles Byzantine Empire also severely weakened by the sack of Constantinople in the 4 th Crusade. It’s not strong enough to regain territory. Osman slowly collected the land.

4. The Byzantine Empire crumbles The most successful ghazi was Osman, also known as Othman, whose strength came from gunpowder His followers were called Ottomans The second Ottoman leader continued to expand the empire and was Osman’s son, Orkhan I, who named himself sultan (like emperor) Sultan was the title of the King in the Ottoman Empire

5. The Ottoman Empire expands Mehmed II (also known as Mehmed the Conqueror) took control of the city of Constantinople and the Bosporus Strait in 1453 Defeated Constantinople using cannons and military strategy Constantinople was in a period of decline – Mehmed opened the city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and rebuilt the city, renaming it Istanbul

6. The Ottoman Empire expands His grandson, Selim the Grim, came to power in 1512 and took over Persia, Syria, Palestine, and North Africa He also captured the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina and the city of Cairo, Egypt

7. The Ottoman Empire Expands Although Europe called for new Christian Crusades against infidel Turks, the Ottoman Empire began to be treated like European powers and were sought after for alliances and trade. Ottoman Empire “Sleeping Giant” Content with status quo in eastern Europe until a new line of grand viziers came to power at the end of the 17 th century. Ottomans – group of people who made the empire in the Middle East and lost World War I ending their empire

8. The Ottoman Empire expands The Ottoman Empire reached its peak size and grandeur during the reign of Suleyman I (also known as Suleyman the Lawgiver and Suleyman the Magnificent) Suleyman conquered much of the Balkans in Europe, including the city of Belgrade, and then moved into Hungary and Austria

9. Suleyman’s Social Organization Suleyman’s huge empire required an efficient government and social organization to be effective He created a law code to handle both criminal and civil actions, to simplify the system of taxation, and to reduce government bureaucracy Suleyman known as lawgiver because his code of laws were so good Army uses devishirme – Christian boys taken as slaves, converted to Islam, and turned into warriors and government officials as part of this Ottoman policy Purpose was to select and train ablest kids for leadership positions and to serve empire – 10-20 years old

10. Suleyman’s Social Organization The sultan had 20,000 personal slaves to staff the palace bureaucracy and an elite force of 30,000 soldiers, called janissaries, who were trained to be loyal to the sultan only Janissaries: sultan’s personal military force made up of 30,000 men Suleyman’s empire was a Muslim empire and followed Islamic law (sharia), in accordance with this, Jewish and Christian communities were allowed to worship as they wished (once paid tax) Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing arts, learning. Golden Age of cultural development

11. The Ottoman Empire declines When Suleyman died in 1566, the Ottoman Empire began a long period of decline This was in large part due to the tradition Suleyman set of having his brothers killed and cutting his sons of from the world producing a series of weak sultans 2 sons survived Suleyman – they fought each other = civil war Selim I won

12. The Ottoman Empire declines However, the Ottoman Empire would remain in control until the end of World War I in 1918 Sided with Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) Lost WWI and Allies divided Ottoman Empire into modern day countries you see today in the Middle East.

13. The Safavid Empire The Safavid Empire was established as a Shi’a Muslim Empire in Persia in 1499 by a 12-year-old named Isma’il Safavid Empire existed in modern day Iran To celebrate his achievements, Isma’il took the title shah (king) Shah is Persian for king or emperor and was used to describe the king of the Safavid Empire

15. The Safavid Empire Isma’il became a religious tyrant and began putting to death any citizen that would not convert to Shi’ism and kills Sunnis in surrounding lands (ex. Baghdad)

16. Safavid Golden Age Shah Abbas took the throne in 1587 and established a Safavid culture that combined the best from the Ottoman, Persian, and Arab worlds Shah Abbas: drew from nay cultural influences and reformed civilian and military life in the Safavid Empire

17. Safavid Golden Age Abbas reformed the military, wiped out corruption in the government, and brought Christians into the empire to prove his religious tolerance which made way for industry, trade, and art exchanges between his empire and European nations Creates a new Safavid capital, Esfahan, which is one of the world’s most beautiful cities thanks to artists from many cultures working together in the city Carpet weaving became a national industry

19. Safavid Golden Age Abbas made the same mistakes in finding a successor as Suleyman – he killed or blinded his ablest sons leading to a quick decline of the empire Empire falls apart in 1747

20. Ponder This Why do you think Suleyman and Abbas were so adamant about killing or maiming their family members? Write your answers on your notes

21. Flip Chart Create a flip chart for the following leaders. Include important facts about them on the flip chart: Mehmed II Selim the Grim Suleyman Isma’il Shah Abbas