1. Austrian-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
Chapter 24
Section 3

2. Key Terms Franz Joseph I Magyars Dual Monarchy Crimean War Balkan Wars
Young Turks

3. The Austrian Empire
The Hapsburg family controlled much of the region for four centuries
Empire would not remain intact through the 1800’s
Franz I and Prince Metternich worked together to maintain Austrian power

4. Resistance to Change
As revolts spread through Europe Metternich clamped down on universities
Creating “a whole generation of revolutionaries”
Carlsbad Decrees
Laws prohibiting any reform that conflicted with absolute monarchy

5. Resistance to Change Decrees established censorship of newspapers
Secret police spied on students
Metternich formed alliances with other European powers to try and stop revolutions

6. Resistance to Change 1820 Congress of Troppau
Leaders agree to provide military intervention to support governments against internal revolution

7. Turmoil in Europe and Austria
Revolutions in France, Italy and Germany set off revolts in Austria
People of many nationalities within Austria wanted independence
Vienna demonstrators and army clashed in the streets

8. Turmoil in Europe and Austria
Emperor Ferdinand ordered Metternich to resign
Metternich fled Austria
1848 Ferdinand abdicated
Franz Joseph I his nephew rose to the throne

9. Response to Revolution
Franz Joseph ruled an unstable empire
1848 Magyars rebelled wanted independence
Czar Nicholas I sent troops to help Austria crush the revolt
Franz Joseph abolished liberal reforms of 1848
Revoked the new constitution

10. Dual Monarchy Franz Joseph could not stop the nationalist movement
Formed dual monarchy known as Austria-Hungary
Austria lost the providence of Lombardy to Italy

11. Forming a New Government
Franz Joseph and leader of the Hungarian nationalist movement reached an agreement
Compromise of 1867 created dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
Became two separate but equal states
Shared ministers of finance, war, and foreign affairs
Each had own parliament

12. An Uneven Solution Dual monarchy lasted 50 years till 1918
Dual monarchy had economic advantages
Hungary was rural and more agriculture
Provide food and raw materials for Austria
Austria provided industrialized products for Hungary

13. An Uneven Solution Divisions remained over nationalities
Austrian Germans and Hungarian Magyars did not speak the same language
Ethnic minorities received little benefit from dual monarchy

14. The Ottoman Empire
Controlled a vast multi ethnic territory for centuries
Greeks, Bulgarian, Turks, Kurds, Arabs and Jews
Empire had been in decline since 1600
Would not survive the winds of change in the 1800’s

15. The Eastern Question
1800’s empire could not defend itself against independence movements or external threats
1830 Greeks gained independence
Russians force Ottomans to accept Russian control in the Caucasus and self rule for Serbia

16. The Eastern Questions Situation worried European rulers
What would happen if Ottoman empire collapsed?
What would happen to Constantinople?
Russia wanted to control that city for access to the sea
France and Britain propped up ottomans to prevent the Russians takeover

17. The Crimea 1850’s situation between Ottomans and Europeans grew worse
Dispute over the Holy Land
Gave Roman Catholics control over holy places in Palestine
Ottomans denied Orthodox Christians the same rights

18. The Crimea Russians invaded Crimean territories
Great Britain saw the Russian invasion as a threat against India
Great Britain , France and the Ottomans joined to fight the Russians

19. The Crimea Fought in Russia Crimea on the shores of the Black Sea
Crimean war lasted for two years
Resulted in a stalemate
Approximately one half million deaths
Most deaths from disease from crowded hospitals
Florence Nightingale- nurse who helped save lives

20. The Balkans
Serbs, Bulgarians, Albanians and Greeks wanted to be independent
1800’s to 1900’s led to conflicts and wars
Russia involved in several of the conflicts
Saw Balkans as a route to the Mediterranean

21. The Balkans
Great Britain and France sometimes sided with Russians sometimes with the Ottomans
Germany and Austria wanted to secure control over ethnic groups
Balkan Wars cost Ottoman Empire most of its lands

22. The Balkans Russian troops at the gates of Constantinople
1878 Chancellor Bismarck hosted the Congress of Berlin
Purpose was to overturn Russian gains against the Ottomans

23. The Balkans
Congress of Berlin gave Austria-Hungary land with no consideration to ethnic or national ties
Conflicts will erupt for years

24. Political Reform 1908 Young Turks began a revolution
Fighting against absolute power of the sultan
Mainly educated men
Young Turks devoted to restoring the constitution

25. Political Reform Helped ensure More representative government
Liberal government
Education improved
Government took steps to provide some individual liberties