1. Functional Brain Signal Processing: EEG & fMRI Lesson 11 Kaushik Majumdar Indian Statistical Institute Bangalore Center kmajumdar@isibang.ac.in M.Tech. (CS), Semester III, Course B50

2. T 1 and T 2 Relaxation Time Buxton, 2009 Clearly, T 2 << T 1. Let T 2 * be partly due to T 2 of homogeneous magnetic property of the tissue and partly due to inhomogeneous magnetic property of the same. So where T’ 2 is time delay due to pure inhomogeneity. So T 2 * < T 2 << T 1. Buxton, 2009, p. 148

3. Free Induction Decay (FID) Buxton, 2009 About one million oscillations during the T 2 *.

4. Repetition Time (TR) Buxton, 2009

5. Spin Echo and Echo Time (TE) Buxton, 2009

6. Fast fMRI In conventional phase encoding if TR = 2 s and 256 lines are to be drawn, it will take 8 minutes 32 seconds for generating one image. If we reduce the number of lines to 64 the time required is 2 minutes 8 seconds. Our ultimate goal is to get as much information from fMRI as possible from LFP. One way to address the problem is to go for ‘fast’ fMRI, at least, as fast as we can. EPI is one paradigm for fast fMRI.

7. Fast Spin Echo Technique Mezrich, 1995

8. Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) Deichmann et al., 2010 K space in EPI

9. EPI (cont) Deichmann et al., 2010

10. Safety Issues in EPI Specific absorption rate (SAR). Up to 130 dB acoustic noise due to rapid switching (about 1000 Hz) of gradient magnetic field. (A major issue in EPI.) Nerve stimulation. Y gradient is generally not used for frequency encoding in EPI. (A major issue in EPI.) Generation of heat in body tissues due to RF pulses is always there in MR imaging including in EPI. Buxton, 2009, p. 249

11. References R. B. Buxton, Introduction to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2e, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2009.

12. THANK YOU This lecture is available at http://www.isibang.ac.in/~kaushikhttp://www.isibang.ac.in/~kaushik