1. LITAR ELEKTRIK II EET 102/4

2. SILIBUS LITAR ELEKTRIK II  Mutual Inductance  Two port Network Pengenalan Jelmaan Laplace Pengenalan Jelmaan Laplace Kaedah Jelmaan Laplace Dlm Analisis Litar Kaedah Jelmaan Laplace Dlm Analisis Litar Sambutan Frekuensi Litar AC Sambutan Frekuensi Litar AC Siri Fourier Siri Fourier Jelmaan Fourier Jelmaan Fourier

3. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE Self inductance Self inductance Concept of mutual inductance Concept of mutual inductance Dot convention Dot convention Energy in a coupled circuit Energy in a coupled circuit Linear transformer Linear transformer Ideal transformer Ideal transformer

4. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE INTRODUCTION magnetically coupled magnetically coupled When two loops with or without contacts between them, affect each other through magnetic field generated by one of them – they are said to be magnetically coupled. When two loops with or without contacts between them, affect each other through magnetic field generated by one of them – they are said to be magnetically coupled. Example of device using this concept- transformer. Example of device using this concept- transformer.

5. Transformer Use magnetically coupled coils to transfer energy from one circuit to another. Use magnetically coupled coils to transfer energy from one circuit to another. Key circuit element where it is used for stepping down or up ac voltages or currents. Key circuit element where it is used for stepping down or up ac voltages or currents. Also used in electronic circuits such as radio and tv receiver. Also used in electronic circuits such as radio and tv receiver.

6. Consider a single inductor with N turns.  When current i, flow through coil, magnetic flux  is produced around it.

7. Faraday’s Law Induced voltage, v in the coil is proportional to number of turns N and the time rate of change of magnetic flux, . Induced voltage, v in the coil is proportional to number of turns N and the time rate of change of magnetic flux, .

8. But we know that the flux  is produce by current i, thus any change in the current will change in flux  as well. But we know that the flux  is produce by current i, thus any change in the current will change in flux  as well.

9. The inductance L of the inductor is thus given by The inductance L of the inductor is thus given by Self-Inductance

10. Self Inductance Inductance that relates the induced voltage in a coil with a time-varying current in the same coil. Inductance that relates the induced voltage in a coil with a time-varying current in the same coil.

11. Mutual Inductance When two inductors or coils are in close proximity to each other, magnetic flux caused by current in one coil links with the other coil, therefore producing the induced voltage. When two inductors or coils are in close proximity to each other, magnetic flux caused by current in one coil links with the other coil, therefore producing the induced voltage.

12. Mutual Inductance

13. Magnetic flux  1 originating from coil 1 has 2 components: Magnetic flux  1 originating from coil 1 has 2 components: Since entire flux  1 links coil 1, the voltage induced in coil 1 is: Since entire flux  1 links coil 1, the voltage induced in coil 1 is:

14. Only flux  12 links coil 2, so the voltage induced in coil 2 is: Only flux  12 links coil 2, so the voltage induced in coil 2 is: As the fluxes are caused by current i 1 flowing in coil 1, equation v 1 can be written as: As the fluxes are caused by current i 1 flowing in coil 1, equation v 1 can be written as: Self inductance of coil 1

15. Similarly for equation v 2 : Similarly for equation v 2 : Mutual inductance of coil 2 With respect to coil 1

16. Coil 2

17. Magnetic flux  2 comprises of 2 components: Magnetic flux  2 comprises of 2 components: The entire flux  2 links coil 2, so the voltage induced in coil 2 is: The entire flux  2 links coil 2, so the voltage induced in coil 2 is: Self-inductance of coil 2

18. Since only flux  21 links with coil 1, the voltage induced in coil 1 is: Since only flux  21 links with coil 1, the voltage induced in coil 1 is: Mutual inductance of coil 1 with respect to coil 2

19. For simplicity, M12 and M21 are equal: For simplicity, M12 and M21 are equal: Mutual inductance between two coils

20. Reminder Mutual coupling exists when inductors or coils are in close proximity and circuit are driven by time-varying sources. Mutual coupling exists when inductors or coils are in close proximity and circuit are driven by time-varying sources. Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to induce voltage across a neighboring inductor, measured in henrys (H). Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to induce voltage across a neighboring inductor, measured in henrys (H).

21. Dot Convention A dot is placed in the circuit at one end of each of the two magnetically coupled coils to indicate the direction of magnetic flux if current enters that dotted terminal of the coil. A dot is placed in the circuit at one end of each of the two magnetically coupled coils to indicate the direction of magnetic flux if current enters that dotted terminal of the coil.

23. Dot convention is stated as follows: If a current enters the dotted terminal of one coil, the reference polarity of mutual voltage in second coil is positive at dotted terminal of second coil. If a current enters the dotted terminal of one coil, the reference polarity of mutual voltage in second coil is positive at dotted terminal of second coil. If a current leaves the dotted terminal of one coil, the reference polarity of mutual voltage in second coil is negative at dotted terminal of second coil. If a current leaves the dotted terminal of one coil, the reference polarity of mutual voltage in second coil is negative at dotted terminal of second coil.

25. Dot convention for coils in series

26. Example 1

27. Coil 1: Coil 2:

28. In frequency domain..

29. Example 2

31. Example 3

32. Solution.. For coil 1, we use KVL: For coil 1, we use KVL:

33. For coil 2, For coil 2,

34. Substitute equation 1 into 2: Substitute equation 1 into 2:

35. Solve for I1: Solve for I1:

36. Energy in a coupled circuit Energy stored in an inductor is given by: Energy stored in an inductor is given by: Now, we want to determine energy stored in magnetically coupled coils. Now, we want to determine energy stored in magnetically coupled coils.

37. Circuit for deriving energy stored in a coupled circuit

38. Power in coil 1: Power in coil 1: Energy stored in coil 1: Energy stored in coil 1:

39. Maintain i 1 and we increase i 2 to I 2. So, the power in coil 2 is: Maintain i 1 and we increase i 2 to I 2. So, the power in coil 2 is:

40. Energy stored in coil 2: Energy stored in coil 2:

41. Total energy stored in the coils when both i1 and i2 have reached constant values is: Total energy stored in the coils when both i1 and i2 have reached constant values is:

42. Since M 12 =M 21 =M, thus Since M 12 =M 21 =M, thus

43. Generally, energy stored in magnetically coupled circuit is: Generally, energy stored in magnetically coupled circuit is:

44. Coupling coefficient, k A measure of the magnetic coupling between two coils; 0 ≤ k ≤ 1 A measure of the magnetic coupling between two coils; 0 ≤ k ≤ 1

45. Linear Transformer Transformer is generally a four-terminal device comprising two or more magnetically coupled coils. Transformer is generally a four-terminal device comprising two or more magnetically coupled coils. Coil that is directly connected to voltage source is primary winding. Coil that is directly connected to voltage source is primary winding. Coil connected to the load is called secondary winding. Coil connected to the load is called secondary winding. R1 and R2 included to calculate for losses in coils. R1 and R2 included to calculate for losses in coils.

46. Linear Transformer Primary windingSecondary winding

47. Obtain input impedance, Zin as seen from source because Zin governs the behaviour of primary circuit. Obtain input impedance, Zin as seen from source because Zin governs the behaviour of primary circuit. Apply KVL to the two loops: Apply KVL to the two loops:

48. Input impedance Z in : Input impedance Z in :

49. Equivalent circuit of linear transformer

50. Equivalent T circuit

51. Equivalent ∏ circuit

52. Voltage-current relationship for primary and secondary coils give the matrix equation:

53. By matrix inversion, this can be written as: By matrix inversion, this can be written as:

54. Matrix equation for equivalent T circuit:

55. If T circuit and linear circuit are the same, then: If T circuit and linear circuit are the same, then:

56. For ∏ network, nodal analysis gives the terminal equation as:

57.  Equating terms in admittance matrices of above, we obtain:

58. IDEAL TRANSFORMER

59. Properties of ideal transformer: Coils have very large reactances (L 1, L 2, M→∞) Coils have very large reactances (L 1, L 2, M→∞) Coupling coefficient is equal to unity (k=1) Coupling coefficient is equal to unity (k=1) Primary and secondary winding are lossless (R 1 =0=R 2 ) Primary and secondary winding are lossless (R 1 =0=R 2 ) Ideal transformer is a unity-coupled, lossless transformer where primary and secondary coils have infinite self-inductance.

60. Transformation ratio We know that: We know that: Divide v2 with v1, we get: Divide v2 with v1, we get:

61. Energy supplied to the primary must equal to energy absorbed by secondary since no losses in ideal transformer. Energy supplied to the primary must equal to energy absorbed by secondary since no losses in ideal transformer. Transformation ratio is: Transformation ratio is:

62. Types of transformer: Step-down transformer Step-down transformer One whose secondary voltage is less than its primary voltage. One whose secondary voltage is less than its primary voltage. Step-up transformer Step-up transformer One whose secondary voltage is greater than its primary voltage. One whose secondary voltage is greater than its primary voltage.

63. Typical circuits in ideal transformer

64. Complex Power From: From: Complex power in primary winding for ideal txt: Complex power in primary winding for ideal txt:

65. Input impedance We know that: We know that: Since V 2 / I 2 = Z L, thus Since V 2 / I 2 = Z L, thus Reflected impedance

66. Example Find I 1 dan I 2 for given circuit: Find I 1 dan I 2 for given circuit:

67. Solution… 1 st : Find input impedance 1 st : Find input impedance

68. Therefore, solve for I 1 Therefore, solve for I 1

69. THE END