1. Chapters 29-30: Diversity of Plants
Mrs. Ramon
AP Biology

2. Intro. to the Plant Kingdom
What Is a Plant?
Multicellular
Eukaryotes
Cell walls made of cellulose
Photosynthetic organisms
Special adaptations for life on dry land
Cuticles
Stomates
Vascular tissues
Seeds

3. A Cladogram of Plant Groups
Section 22-1
Flowering plants
Cone-bearing plants
Ferns and their relatives
Mosses and their relatives
Green algae ancestor
Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit
Seeds
Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue

4. The Diversity of Plants
Section 22-1
Cone-bearing plants 760 species
Flowering plants 235,000 species
Ferns and their relatives 11,000 species
Mosses and their relatives 15,600 species

5. Generalized Plant Life Cycle
Section 22-1
Haploid
Diploid
MEIOSIS
Spores (N)
Gametophyte Plant (N)
Sporophyte Plant (2N)
Sperm (N)
Eggs (N)
FERTILIZATION
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6. First land plants Bryophytes Depend on water for reproduction
Lack vascular tissue
Lifecycle dominated by haploid gametophyte stage
Major groups:
Bryophyta (mosses)
Hepatophyta (liverworts)
Anthocerophyta (hornworts)

7. The Structure of a Moss Section 22-2 Capsule Sporophyte Stalk
Gametophyte
Stemlike structure
Leaflike structure
Rhizoid
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8. The Life Cycle of a Moss Section 22-2 Go to Section: MEIOSIS
Mature sporophyte (2N)
Gametophyte (N)
Young sporophyte (2N)
Zygote (2N)
Sperm (N)
Egg (N)
Spores (N)
Capsule (sporangium)
Protonema (young gametophyte) (N)
Male gametophyte
Female gametophyte
Antheridia
Archegonia
Haploid (N)
Diploid (2N)
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
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9. First vascular plants Pteridophytes (ferns)
Vascular tissues, roots and leaves
Life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage
Homospory
Ferns and their relatives
True roots, leaves and stems
Lycophyta- club mosses
Pterophyta- ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails

10. The Life Cycle of a Fern Section 22-3 Go to Section: MEIOSIS
Sporangium (2N)
Haploid gametophyte (N)
Diploid sporophyte (2N)
Frond
Young gametophyte (N)
Spores (N)
Mature sporophyte (2N)
Developing sporophyte (2N)
Mature gametophyte (N)
Antheridium
Sperm
Gametophyte (N)
Egg
Sporophyte embryo (2N)
Archegonium
FERTILIZATION
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11. First Seed Plants Gymnosperms Four main phyla: Vascular Heterospory
Bear seeds on the surfaces of cones
Pollen
Life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage
Four main phyla:
Ginkgo
Ginko biloba
Cycads
Resemble palms
Gnetophytes
Vine-like plants
Mormon tea
Conifers

12. The Life Cycle of a Gymnosperm
Section 24-1
Cone scale
Ovules
Seed cone
Pollen
cone
Pollen grains (N)
(male gametophytes)
Female
gametophyte
(N)
Ovule
Haploid cell (N)
Egg cells
Pollen tube
Sperm nucleus
Zygote (2N) (new sporophyte)
Gametophyte tissue (N)
Embryo (2N)
Seed coat (old sporophyte)
Seed
Germinated seed
Seedling
Mature
sporophyte
Haploid (N)
Diploid (2N)
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION

13. First flowering plants
Angiosperms
Vascular
Heterospory
Life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage
Unique reproductive organs (flowers)
Flowers contain ovaries which surround and protect seeds
Angiosperm = enclosed seed
After pollination the ovary develops into a fruit (thick wall of tissue surrounding the seed)

14. The Life Cycle of an Angiosperm
Section 24-1
Anther (2N)
Pollen grains (N)
(male gametophyte)
Pollen
tubes
Haploid cell
(N)
Embryo sac (N)
(female gametophyte)
Egg cell
Sperm
Pollen tube
Endosperm nuclei
Endosperm
(3N)
Zygote
(2N)
Fruit
Seed coat
Embryo
Seedling (2N)
(new sporophyte)
Mature
sporophyte
Ovary
Style
Stigma
Haploid (N)
Diploid (2N)
MEIOSIS
Ovule
FERTILIZATION

15. Comparison of Monocots and Dicots
Section 22-5
Monocots
Dicots
Single cotyledon
Parallel veins
Floral parts often in multiples of 3
Vascular bundles scattered throughout stem
Fibrous roots
Two cotyledons
Branched veins
Floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5
Vascular bundles arranged in a ring
Taproot
Seeds
Leaves
Flowers
Stems
Roots
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16. The Structure of a Flower
Sepals at the base of the flower are modified leaves that enclose the flower before it opens.
Petals lie inside the ring of sepals
Stamens, the male reproductive organs
Stalk (the filament) and a terminal sac (the anther) where pollen is produced.
Carpals are female reproductive organs
At the tip of the carpal is a sticky stigma that receives pollen.
A style leads to the ovary at the base of the carpal.
Ovules and, later, seeds are protected within the ovary.
Filament
Anther
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Carpel
Petal
Sepal
Ovule
Stamen

17. Reproduction of Seed Plants
Fruit
Mature ovary
Seed dispersion
Animals
Wind and water
Types:
Simple fruits: derived from a single ovary.
Fleshy, such as a cherry, or dry, such as a soybean pod.
Aggregate fruit: results from a single flower with several carpals.
Blackberry
Multiple fruit: develops from an inflorescence, a tightly clustered group of flowers
Pineapple