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Published byRonald Blankenship Modified over 9 years ago
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Laboratory Measurement of Relative Permeability - Steady State Method
Effective and Relative Permeabilities 1 Laboratory Measurement of Relative Permeability - Steady State Method
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Hysteresis Effect on Rel. Perm.
Effective and Relative Permeabilities 2 Hysteresis Effect on Rel. Perm. Non-wetting phase 100 Wetting phase 80 Imbibition krnw krnw krw 60 Drainage Relative Permeability, % 40 Process begins with rock completely saturated with wetting phase, i.e., Swp = 100% The wetting phase is displaced with the non-wetting phase (i.e., drainage process) until wetting phase ceases to flow. At this point, the wetting phase saturation equals the minimum interstitial wetting phase saturation. Then, the non-wetting phase is displaced with the wetting phase, (i.e., imbibition process) until the non-wetting phase ceases to flow. At this point, the non-wetting phase saturation equals the equilibrium or residual non-wetting phase saturation. The term “hysteresis” describes the process in which the relative permeabilities are different when measurements are made in different directions. 20 Irreducible wetting phase saturation Residual non-wetting phase saturation 20 40 60 80 100 Wetting Phase Saturation, %PV What is kbase for this case?
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Hysteresis Effect on Rel. Perm.
During drainage, the wetting phase ceases to flow at the irreducible wetting phase saturation This determines the maximum possible non-wetting phase saturation Common Examples: Petroleum accumulation (secondary migration) Formation of secondary gas cap During imbibition, the non-wetting phase becomes discontinuous and ceases to flow when the non-wetting phase saturation reaches the residual non-wetting phase saturation This determines the minimum possible non-wetting phase saturation displacement by the wetting phase Common Example: waterflooding water wet reservoir
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Effective and Relative Permeabilities 4
Review: Effective Permeability Effective and Relative Permeabilities 4 Steady state, 1D, linear flow equation (Darcy units): qn = volumetric flow rate for a specific phase, n A = flow area Fn = flow potential drop for phase, n (including pressure, gravity and capillary pressure terms) n = fluid viscosity for phase n L = flow length Oil Water Gas Modified from NExT, 1999; Amyx, Bass, and Whiting, 1960; PETE 311 NOTES
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Rel. Perm. - Steady State Purpose: determination of
two phase relative permeability functions irreducible wetting phase saturation (drainage) residual non-wetting phase saturation (imbibition)
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Rel. Perm. - Steady State Process (oil/water, water wet case):
simultaneously inject constant rates of oil and water until steady state behavior is observed production will be constant at same oil and water rates as injection pressure drop for each phase will be constant determine saturation of core sample usually by resistivity or weighing this is typically not the same as the injection ratio change injection ratio and repeat
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Rel. Perm. - Steady State Imbibition Relative Permeability Functions
Stage 1: Preparation for drainage core saturated with wetting phase steady state injection of wetting phase used to determine absolute permeability Stage 2: Irreducible wetting phase inject non-wetting phase until steady state, measure saturation no wetting phase will be produced at steady state
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Rel. Perm. - Steady State Imbibition Relative Permeability Functions (continued) Stage 3 (A-C): determination of points on imbibition relative permeability function steady state injection at constant rates of wetting and non-wetting phase Initially ratio qw/qnw is small measure saturation and phase pressure drops at steady state saturation ratio will in general, not be the same as injection ratio repeat with increasing ratio, qw/qnw
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Rel. Perm. - Steady State Imbibition Relative Permeability Functions (continued) Stage 4: determination of residual non-wetting phase saturation inject wetting phase until steady state behavior observed measure saturation and wetting phase pressure drop
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STEADY-STATE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY TEST EQUIPMENT (HASSLER METHOD)
Effective and Relative Permeabilities 10 STEADY-STATE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY TEST EQUIPMENT (HASSLER METHOD) Oil inlet Oil burette To atmosphere Po Gas outlet inlet Pg Pc Core Porcelain plate
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PENN STATE METHOD FOR MEASURING STEADY-STATE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
Effective and Relative Permeabilities 11 PENN STATE METHOD FOR MEASURING STEADY-STATE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY x x x x Differential pressure taps Packing nut Thermometer section End Bronze screen Test Mixing Inlet Outlet Highly permeable disk Copper orifice plate Electrodes
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HAFFORD’S METHOD FOR MEASURING STEADY-STATE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
Effective and Relative Permeabilities 12 HAFFORD’S METHOD FOR MEASURING STEADY-STATE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY Oil pressure pad Oil Gas pressure gauge Gas meter Oil burette Porous end plate
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DISPERSED FEED METHOD FOR MEASURING STEADY-STATE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
Effective and Relative Permeabilities 13 Lucite-mounted core Gas-pressure gauge Gas Core material Gas meter Lucite Oil Oil burette Dispersing section section face
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