1. CHAPTER 15: SOLUTIONS Honors Chemistry

2. SOLUTIONS A solution is a The is(are) the substance(s) present in the The is the substance present in the

4. AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Solutions with

5. SOLVATION The process by which an is surrounded by solvent molecules arranged in a specific manner This

6. MISCIBLE VS. IMMISCIBLE M iscible: liquids that I mmiscible: liquids that

7. “LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE” Two substances with similar are likely to be in each other Non-polar molecules are soluble in – Ex.: Polar molecules are soluble in – Ex.: Ionic compounds are more soluble in – Ex.:

8. SOLUTION SATURATION S aturated solution: contains the amt. of a solute that will dissolve in a given amt. of solvent at U nsaturated solution: contains solute than a solvent has the capacity to dissolve at S upersaturated solution contains solute than is present in a saturated solution at

9. NaC 2 H 3 O 2 crystals form when a seed crystal is added to a of NaC 2 H 3 O 2

10. SOLUBILITY Measure of how much

11. FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY 1.Temperature: solubility of solids and liquids generally The solubility of gases generally 2.Pressure: solids and liquids are The solubility of a Henry’s Law (Henry’s Law)

13. CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS The of a solution is the amt. of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution Concentrated: (qualitative observation) Dilute: (qualitative observation) Standard Solution: a solution whose

14. CONCENTRATION UNITS Quantitative measurements… Mass Percent:

15. CONCENTRATION UNITS Molarity ( ): moles of solute per liter solution ( ) Molality ( ): moles of solute per kg solvent ( )

16. 2 WAYS TO QUANTIFY RATIO OF SOLUTE PARTICLES TO SOLVENT Molality, or molal concentration, (m) – m = Mole fraction

17. DILUTIONS Stock solutions: concentrated solutions that are purchased or prepared to save time and space in the lab Solvent can be added to a to achieve a desired concentration to be used for a specific purpose Dilution:

20. COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS Colligative properties: Solutes that dissociate (i.e. ) have a greater effect than those that do not Ex.: 1 mol of MgCl 2 would have more effect than 1 mol of NaCl which has more effect than 1 mol of glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ). Why?!

21. 3 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES 1.- 2.- 3.-

22. DECREASE IN VAPOR PRESSURE T he addition of solute to a solvent lowers the vapor pressure of the solvent W hy? –S–S olvent particles surround solute particles, which reduces the solvent’s kinetic energy –N–N ow solvent can’t “shoot out” into gas as often

23. BOILING POINT ELEVATION The addition of solute to a solvent raises the boiling point of the solvent Why? – Vapor pressure is reduced. More heat is required to break intermolecular forces holding solvent in liquid phase – NaCl in H 2 O when cooking pasta

24. FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION The addition of solute lowers the freezing point of the solvent Why? – Solute disrupts the organized freezing pattern of the solvent – Salt on icy roads