1. BIOLOGY 12 Introduction to Genetics

2. “If our strands of DNA were stretched out in a line, the 46 chromosomes making up the human genome would extend more than six feet (close to two metres). If the length of all the DNA in the 100 trillion cells could be stretched out, it would be over 113 billion miles (182 billion kilometers). That is enough material to reach to the sun and back 610 times.” Source: Centre for Integrated Genomics.

3. Human Genome Project completed in 2003 goals: determine the sequence of the 3 billion base pairs in human DNA identify the sequence of the 20 000–25 000 genes in the genome store and organize the information address ethical, legal issues

4. Human Genome Project Why It’s Important: genetic disorders gene testing (carrier, newborn, identification screening) gene therapy (removal of genes to treat for disease) pharmacogenomics (genetics and drug response)

5. Human Genome Project cloning and stem cell research genetically modified organisms DNA molecules from different sources combined into one DNA and forensics

6. Genes on Chromosomes Chromosome Viewer

7. Vocabulary Gene Locus Allele Genotype Phenotype Dominant Recessive Autosomal Heterozygous Homozygous Generations (P, F1, F2…)

8. Gene sections of a chromosome, each of which contains one set of instructions

9. Locus the specific location of a gene on a DNA sequence or a chromosome plural: loci

10. Allele two or more alternate forms of a gene the alleles are located at the same position on one of the pairs of homologous chromosomes example: gene for eye colour; one allele is blue, one allele is brown

11. Genotype combination of alleles for a certain trait

12. Phenotype physical appearance of an organism as determined by a particular genotype observable traits because of interaction between genes and the environment

13. Dominant alleles of this type determine the expression of the genetic trait in offspring appears in F1 generation

14. Recessive alleles of this type are overruled by dominant alleles, which determine the genetic trait hidden in F1 generation

15. Autosomes the chromosomes not involved in sex determination chromosomes other than sex chromosomes

16. Heterozygous a genotype in which the alleles of a pair are different organisms in which each cell contains two different alleles for a certain trait

17. Homozygous a genotype in which both alleles of a pair are the same organisms in which each cell contains two of the same alleles for a particular trait

18. Generations group of genetically related organisms constituting a single step in the line of descent P – parental generation F1 – filial 1 generation - first cross generation, most often from distinctly different homozygous parents F2 – filial 2 generation – second cross generation.