2. Immigration  Most immigrants came from northern Europe  Americans began to resent immigrants taking jobs  Immigrants faced discrimination

3. Nativism  Nativists opposed immigration in order to protect the interests of native born American citizens

4. Know-Nothing Party  Called the American Party and started by Protestants  Opposed the immigration of Catholics  Felt that too many Catholics would allow the Pope to have influence over the government

5. Manifest Destiny  The 19 th century belief that the U.S. would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean

6. Adams-Onis Treaty  Spain ceded Florida to the U.S.  Spain also gave up claims in Oregon Territory

8. Missouri Compromise  Southerners wanted Missouri admitted as a slave state in order to maintain balance of power  Regional hostilities grew over the expansion of slavery

9. Missouri Compromise  Henry Clay proposed Missouri be a slave state and Maine admitted as a free state  Dividing line set at 36-30 North latitude  North of line, free territories  South of line, slave territories

11. Indian Removal Act of 1830  Jackson believed that Native Americans could not be absorbed into white culture  Native American lands were valuable and protecting them with troops would be too costly  Jackson decided to force Native Americans to leave their land and move west

13. Worchester v. Georgia  John Marshall rules that Cherokee could not be forcibly removed from their land

14. Sequoya  Developed the Cherokee alphabet in order to preserve their culture

15. The Trail of Tears  Cherokee were rounded up and forced to march 800 miles to Oklahoma  Over one-quarter of the Cherokee died along the way

18. Stephen Austin  Established the first American colony in Texas and fought for Texas independence

19. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna  Mexican general who fought against Texan’s quest for independence

20. The Alamo  A mission fort in San Antonio, Texas where Mexican forces massacred rebellious Texans in 1836

22. Sam Houston  Defeated Santa to gain Texas Independence and became the first President of the Republic of Texas

23. Problems with Texas Annexation  Annexation of Texas was not easy  Many feared adding another slave state to the union

24. “54-40 or Fight”  James K. Polk’s campaign slogan in the 1844 election  Called for the U.S. to annex all of the Oregon Territory

25. Mexican War  President Polk wanted territories held by Mexico (New Mexico and California)  Polk and general Zachary Taylor provoked a war with Mexico  U.S. defeated Mexico and gained lands in the Southwestern U.S.

26. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo  1848 treaty that ended the war with Mexico and ceded California and New Mexico to the U.S.

27. 49er’s  Gold is discovered in California in 1848  1849 saw an increase in California’s population  People were moving to mine for gold

29. Wilmot Proviso  Proposed that none of the territories gained by the U.S. war with Mexico be open to slavery