1. The Microscope

2. Compound Microscopes a.The Eyepiece Lens is the lens that you look through. b.The objective lens is the lens that is immediately above the specimen. The microscopes used in our lab are called compound microscopes because they have two magnifying lens

3. The Objective Lenses There are three objective lenses: - the scanning lens with the 4X label - the low power lens with the 10X label - the high power lens with the 40X label

4. Parts of the Microscope

5. PartFunction LensesMagnification Stage To place the slide on Clips Hold the slide in place Diaphragm To control the amount of light Coarse Focus Knob To focus the image Fine Focus Knob To precisely focus the image Light To supply light to the object

6. Learning Check Label the parts of the Microscope

7. Magnification Magnification = the magnifying power of the eyepiece lens x the magnifying power of the objective lens. Example: Eyepiece lens = 10X Objective lens = 4X Total magnification = 10 x 4= 40X

8. Focussing The Image course focus The course focus knob allows for dramatic or large movement of the objective lens. fine focus The fine focus knob allows for very slight movement of the objective lens.

9. The Stage and the Diaphragm stage The stage has two metal clips to hold the microscope slide in place. diaphragm The diaphragm allows light to be focused onto the specimen through a hole in the stage.

10. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

11. Electron Microscope Uses Electrons instead of light Uses Electrons instead of light Electrons have much lower wavelength than light so the resolution is much better Electrons have much lower wavelength than light so the resolution is much better Magnification is much greater Magnification is much greater

12. Images from Electron Microscope Bacteria Cytplasm Platelet

13. The Cell The CELL is the smallest unit of matter that can carry on all the PROCESSES OF LIFE.

14. Anton von Leeuwenhoek Anton von Leeuwenhoek with his hand-held microscope, was the first person to observe and describe Living Cells in the early 17 th century

15. Robert Hooke Robert Hooke looked a thin slices of cork under a microscope. He thought the spaces he saw reminded him of Monks Cells – Hence the name cells

16. Plant Cell as seen under a light microscope

17. Cells All living things are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism. Cells come only from reproduction of existing cells.

18. Organelles Cells contain a variety of internal structures called ORGANELLES. An organelle is a cell component that PERFORMS SPECIFIC job FOR THE CELL.

19. Organelles we need to know Cell membrane Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplast Ribosomes DNA Cell Wall Vacuole

20. Animal Cells Animal Cells contain the following structures Cell Membranes Mitochondria Nucleus Cytoplasm Only the cell membrane, the cytoplasm and the nucleus can be seen under the light microscope.

21. Cell Membrane Cell Membranes are made up of phospholipids and proteins The phospholipids and proteins are in constant motion. Membranes are said to be fluid

22. Functions of Cell Membranes Separate the cell organelles and cytoplasm from the outside Semi permeable - allows some molecules freely into and out and others to enter Membranes give some support to the cell Membranes recognise molecules that touch them

23. Nucleus A large organelle near the center of the cell is the NUCLEUS. It contains the cell's genetic information It controls the activities of the cell.

24. Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Organisms whose cell contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles are called eukaryotes. Organisms whose cells never contain (or lack) a nucleus and other membrane- bound organelles are called prokaryotes e.g. virus and bacteria.

25. Ultra Structure of The Nucleus

26. What’s in a nucleus The nucleus is made up of a double membrane with numerous nuclear pores. These control the movement of substances into and out of the nucleus A nucleolus which contains RNA, DNA, and Proteins and it makes Ribosomes Chromatin which contains DNA that is arranged into chromosomes which stores our genes

27. Mitochondria Mitochondria supply energy to the cell respiration Cells with lots of mitochondria produce a lot of energy The inner membranes of the mitochondria produce the energy

28. The more folds a mitochondrion has the more energy it produces Mitochondrion

29. Ribosomes Ribosomes can be seen as red dots in this cell Their function is to make proteins

30. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is a clear jelly like fluid that fills the cell It contains all the organelles within the cell

31. Plant Cells Plant cells also contain other organelles Cell walls Chloroplasts Large Vacuoles

32. Ultra Structure of an animal cell

33. Ultra structure of an plant cell

34. Chloroplasts The function of chloroplasts is Photosynthesis

35. Ultra structure of the Chloroplast The thylakoids contain the chlorophyll which traps the sun’s energy

36. Cell wall The cell wall is rigid and gives plant cells a very defined shape. The cell wall is composed of cellulose fiber, polysaccharides, and proteins. The function of the cell wall is to support and strengthen the cell

37. Vacuoles Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell Vacuoles provide structural support, as well as serving functions such as storage, waste disposal, protection, and growth. Plant cells have large vacuoles

38. Learning check 1. 1. What organelle carries out photosynthesis? 2. 2. What type of cells have large vacuoles and cell walls? 3. 3. What is the function of vacuoles? 4. 4. What is the function of cell walls? 5. 5. What makes cells walls rigid?