1. Chapter 5 ContingencyLeadershipTheories © Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3 rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning

2. Summary of Lecture 12 Differences between behavioral and contingency leadership theories. Prescriptive and Descriptive leadership models Contingency leadership variables and styles. Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3 rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning

3. Learning Objectives Leadership continuum model House Path-goal leadership model The Normative Decision Model Substitutes for leadership variables Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3 rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning

4. 2 The Leadership Continuum Model Used to determine which one of seven styles to select based on one’s use of boss-centered versus subordinate centered boss-centered versus subordinate centered leadership to meet the situation. Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3 rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning

5. 3. Leader presents ideas and invites employee questions 4. Leader presents tentative decision subject to change 5. Leader presents problem, gets suggestions, and makes decision 6. Leader defines limits and asks employees to make a decision 7. Leader permits employees to make ongoing decisions within defined limits Participative 1. Leader makes decision and announces it to employees without discussion 2. Leader makes a decision and sells it to employees Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s Leadership Continuum Model Autocratic Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3 rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning Boss centered Job centered Subordinate centered employee centered

6. Weakness in Leadership Continuum Model -Factors used to select leadership style are subjective -Choosing which style to use and when is difficult using this model -Whereas normative models suggest which leadership style to use in given situation Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3 rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning

7. Path-Goal Leadership Model leadership style Used to select the leadership style that is appropriate to the situation to maximize performance and job satisfaction. Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3 rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning

8. House Path-Goal Leadership Model Situational SituationalFactors Subordinate authoritative locus of control ability Environment task structure Formal authority work group LeadershipStyles Directive Supportive Participative Achievement-oriented GoalAchievement Performance Satisfaction Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3 rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning

9. House Path-Goal Leadership Model Motivation increases by: » Clarifying the path to rewards » Working with followers to identify and teach them behaviors which will result in the rewards Increasing rewards that are valued and wanted by followers Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3 rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning

10. Recommendation for Leadership Effectiveness Based on Path-Goal Theory Know that your role is to remove obstacles Practice both structuring and consideration behaviors Understand subordinates’ perceptions of the degree of task clarity Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3 rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning

11. Recommendation for Leadership Effectiveness Based on Path-Goal Theory -Be aware of subordinates’ needs for challenge and autonomy -Provide subordinates with clear task guidance if the task is ambiguous and they need structure -Provide minimum guidance for subordinates who need to be challenged even in unstructured tasks -Be supportive and understanding when the task is routine and boring Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3 rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning

12. What is Normative Decision Model? Focus on matching leader decision making style and situational requirements Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3 rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning

13. Normative Leadership Theory and Model The normative leadership model has a time driven and development driven decisions tree hat enables the leader to select one of the five leadership styles appropriate for the situation to maximize the decisions It is called normative model because it follows set of questions in sequence to answer which leadership style is best in given situation

14. Time Driven Model Focus: Effective decision at minimum cost. Time is costly Value: on time Orientation: Short term horizon Development Driven Model Focus: Effective decision with development of followers. Value: Follower development Orientation: long term horizon Normative Decision Model

15. Followers Development driven decision Model 2. Importance of commitment 4 likelihood of commitment 5 group support for objectives 6 group expertise 7 team competence Leadership styles Decide Consult individually Consult group Facilitate Delegate Leader 3. Leader expertise Situation Time driven decision model 1. Decision significance Normative Leadership Model variables Also See exhibit 5.9, p. 157 And exhibit 5.10, p. 158

16. Leadership and behavior/style Number of leadership styles Behavioral Theories University of IowaAutocraticDemocratic2 University of MichiganJob centeredEmployee centered 2 Ohi State UniversityStructureConsideration4 Leadership GridConcern for people Concern for production 5 Contingency Theories Contingency ModelTaskRelationship2 Leadership ContinuumBoss centeredSubordinate centered 7 Path goal modelDirectiveSupportive4 Normative ModelAutocraticGroup5 Name of Two same leadership behaviors and comparison of behavioral and contingency theories

17. Followers SubordinatesFollowers Leader NoneLeader Substitutes for Leadership Variables Within the Contingency Leadership Framework Variables Substitutes for Leadership Variables Within the Contingency Leadership Framework Variables Situation Task OrganizationSituation Task Organization Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3 rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning Steven Kerr and John Jermier argue that at time certain situational factors limit leader to affect follower behavior and attitude

18. Are You Able to Change Your Leadership Style? Are you high in openness to new experiences? Are you open to using different leadership styles? Some leaders are not able to adopt styles that require them to act in contradiction to their personalities Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3 rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning

19. Discussion Question 1: Identify weaknesses in leadership continuum model ? Discussion Question 2: What are situational variables in House Path Goal Theory? Discussion Question 3: Do you agree that some factors in environment act as substitute of leadership? Discussion Question 4: Can leader change his leadership style? Discussion Questions

20. Summary Leadership continuum model House Path-goal leadership model The Normative Decision Model Substitutes for leadership variables Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3 rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning