1. Quarter 4 HSA Review Session
Evolution, Classification, Ecosystems and Interactions, Energy Flow, and Succession

2. evolution

3. Comparative Embryology Comparative Biochemistry
Evolution
The change of populations of organisms over time.
Type of Evidence
Definition
Paleontology
Comparative Embryology
Comparative Anatomy
Comparative Biochemistry
The study of fossils (the preserved or mineralized remains )
Comparing the early stages of development between different species
Comparing body parts of different organisms. Organisms with a common ancestor have body parts that are similar in structure, but not necessarily function (homologous structures)
Organisms with a common ancestor have body parts with similar structure anatomical structures that are similar in structure, but not necessarily similar in function
Comparing organisms by examining their DNA or amino acid sequences; gel electrophoresis can be used to compare similarities

4. Natural Selection Evolution is driven by natural selection.
Natural selection: “Survival of the fittest”-The best adapted organisms will survive and reproduce, and pass these favorable traits on to the next generation. .

5. classification

6. Classification of Organisms
Classification: Arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities
Kingdom
Cell Type
(Prokaryote or Eukaryote)
# of Cells (Unicellular and/or multicellular)
Nutrition (Autotroph and/or Heterotroph)
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Autotroph and Heterotroph
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Autotroph and Heterotroph
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Autotroph and Heterotroph
Unicellular and Multicellular
Eukaryote
Unicellular and Multicellular
Heterotroph
Eukaryote
Autotroph
Eukaryote
Multicelluar
Heterotroph
Eukaryote
Multicellular

7. Evolution and classification questions

8. Question 1
Rabbits that live in warm climates have larger ears than rabbits that live in cold climates. Larger ears allow rabbits to cool themselves by releasing body heat. Which term describes this characteristic?
alteration
mutation
adaptation
recombination

9. Question 2
The mole rat is an animal that avoids predators by living underground. Its long claws and teeth allow it to dig deep holes. Scientists believe the ancestors of the mole rat lived above ground and had shorter claws and teeth.
Which of these processes resulted in the long claws and teeth found in the modern mole rat?
natural selection
selective breeding
genetic engineering
asexual reproduction

10. Question 3
A researcher is studying raccoons and skunks. She wants to find out how closely these two mammals are related. Which of these characteristics would be best for her to study?
sequences of DNA
reproductive habits
movement of RNA
physical appearance

11. Question 4
A cell is observed through a microscope. The cell is found to have a cell wall, a cell membrane, and numerous ribosomes. The cell does not have a nucleus. This cell is most likely from a
bacterium
fungus
plant
protist

12. Question 5

13. Ecosystems

14. What is Ecology?
What is an environment? It's everything that makes up our surroundings and affects our ability to live on the earth
Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.

15. Abiotic vs. Biotic Factors in an Environment
Abiotic Factors –
Nonliving parts of an environment
Examples: temperature, sunlight, precipitation (water), soil, etc.
Biotic Factors-
Living parts of an environment
Organisms (plants, animals, etc.)

16. Species interactions

17. Species Interactions Interaction Definition Predation Competition
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
One organism captures and eats another organism
Struggle for limited resources (food, water, shelter, etc.)
One organism (parasite) benefits and the other (host) is harmed; Parasite feeds on the host
One benefits and the other is unaffected (neither benefited or harmed)
Both organisms benefit

18. Ecosystems and species interactions questions

19. Question 6
A summer camp was built near a lake in the mountains. The campers used the lake for swimming, fishing, and boating. The relationships between three organisms found in the lake are shown below.
Striped fish are affected by biotic and abiotic factors in their environment. Which of these factors is biotic?
water temperature
mineral nutrients
freshwater algae
inorganic sediments

20. Question 7
Use the relationships in the food web below to answer the following question.
The relationship between the mice and the insects is an example of
commensalism
mutualism
parasite–host
predator–prey

21. Question 8
Scientists have recently discovered hydrothermal vent communities on the ocean floor. A diagram of a hydrothermal vent community is shown
in the figure below.
The organisms in this community live near heated vents. Inorganic compounds such as sulfides mix with extremely hot water when they are released from the vents. Bacteria use the sulfides to make food for themselves and other animals. Many of these bacteria live in the bodies of the giant tubeworms and the giant white clams that live in this community.
Which of these is an abiotic factor that influences this ecosystem?
food C. water temperature
bacteria D. giant tubeworms

22. Question 9
A protozoan lives inside a rat and takes its nourishment from the rat’s body. Because the protozoan damages the rat’s brain, the rat loses its fear of cats. A cat attacks an infected rat; the protozoan enters the cat’s body and completes its life cycle.
Which of these describes the relationship between the protozoan and the rat?
commensalism
parasite–host
mutualism
predator–prey

23. Energy flow

24. Producers vs. Consumers
PRODUCERS: organisms that can make their own food (plants, algae, etc.)
CONSUMERS: organisms that can not make their own food
Obtain their energy by eating other organisms

25. Types of Consumers Eats only plants Eats only animals
Type of Consumers
Definition
Herbivore
Carnivore
Omnivore
Scavenger
Decomposer
Eats only plants
Eats only animals
Scavengers- vultures
Eats both plants and animals
Feeds on the bodies of dead organisms
Breaks down and absorb dead organisms & waste, returning some of the material to the environment

26. Food Chain
Energy flows through an ecosystem by moving from producers to various levels of consumers.
A food chain is single pathway of feeding relationships among organisms that results in energy transfer

27. Food Web
The feeding relationships in an ecosystem are usually too complicated to be represented by a single food chain.
Many consumers eat more than one type of food, more than one species may feed on the same type of food, etc.
Food web: The interconnected food chains of an ecosystem

28. Trophic Levels
Trophic Level: An organism’s position or level in a food chain or food web
1st trophic level: Producers
2nd trophic level: herbivores
3rd trophic level and above: Carnivores or Omnivores 4 3 2
3rd level and above can also be omnivores 1

29. Energy Pyramid
Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level
Only 10% of the energy found in one trophic level gets transferred on to the next level.
90% of energy is lost in each tropic level:
Mainly as heat
Other life processes (growth, movement, etc.)
Quality of Energy Transfer-
The other 90% is used for the organism's life processes or it is lost as heat to the environment. Most lost as heat, and other life processes
The consumer must use some energy to capture and use its food, to move about, and stay alive.

30. succession

31. What is succession?
A series of changes that occur in a community over time
There are 2 types of succession:
1. Primary succession: Development of a community in
an area that has not supported life previously (ex: new island)
2. Secondary succession: Change in an existing community following a disturbance (forest fire, flood, hurricane, etc.)
Changed “observable change in an ecosystem to community”.
The gradual sequential regrowth of species in an area

32. Energy flow and succession questions

33. Question 10
Gray wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone National Park in Two years later, the population of coyotes had decreased by 50%. Coyotes were found in all habitats of the park before the gray wolves were reintroduced. Now, coyotes are most often found in the hills and mountains.
Which of these describes the role of the vole in the Yellowstone ecosystem?
decomposer
producer
herbivore
carnivore

34. Question 11
Scientists classify humans as omnivores, based on their teeth. As omnivores, humans eat
only fungi
mostly plants and animals
only animals
mostly bacteria and fungi

35. Question 12

36. Question 13
A team of marine scientists is studying biotic and abiotic factors that affect the stability of a deep-sea ecosystem.
The scientists discovered a species of fish that eats other fish and decaying matter. Which of these does not describe the newly discovered fish?
consumer
predator
scavenger
producer

37. Question 14
Hydrothermal vent communities are often destroyed by lava erupting from the ocean floor. After the lava has cooled, different organisms begin to inhabit the area. Over a period of a few years, organisms inhabit the area in the following order:
sulfur bacteria -> crabs -> giant tubeworms -> clams and mussels
Which of these best identifies this sequence of events?
evolution
mutation
succession
translation