Slide 1 of 26 Classification of Living Organisms.

of 26 Classification of Living Organisms

of 26 Classification: To group according to like traits Biodiversity: All the different types of organisms living in one area Why is this needed? 5 million organisms have already been classified BUT…7 to 8 million still need discovered

of 26 This furry lobster is so distinct a new family and genus had to be created. Found 2300 meters deep in the South Pacific ocean!!! There is still a lot to classify……..

of 26 Aristotle: Greek philosopher (384 - 322 B.C.)

of 26 Aristotle created the 1 st system of classification Aristotle divided all living organisms into two main groups based on physical traits: Plants (structure) Animals (habitat) Large Woody Small woody Land Air Water Soft Stemmed

of 26 Good start but………. What about:

of 26 Carl Linnaeus’ system of classification (1700s): still used today!!! Binomial Nomenclature Bi = 2 Nomial = name Nomenclature = naming system In other words…a two-name (2-word) naming system

of 26 We call this two-word name a scientific name Example: What is the scientific name of a human? Homo sapien

of 26 What does a Puma, Cougar and Mountain Lion have in common? Puma……………. Cougar…………. Mountain Lion….. They are all the SAME organisms just with DIFFERENT common names!!!

of 26 Puma, cougar, mountain lion, catamount, panther, mountain screamer, painter… Common names are different names for the same organism based on where they live.

of 26 Since they are all the same organisms they all have the same scientific name………… Felis concolor or Felis concolor

of 26 Scientific names are universally used or used around the world

of 26 8 Division of Classification: **Largest, Broadest to Smallest, most Specific** Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Did King Phillip Come Over For Grape Soda? Do Kind People Cheer Only For Greensburg Salem?

of 26 3 Domains: 1. Archaebacteria : “Ancient Bacteria” -First living cells, live in extreme conditions -Known as EXTREMOPHILES -live in swamps, guts of animals, salty oceans, volcanic vents and hot springs 2. Eubacteria: “True Bacteria” -Affects your everyday life causing tooth decay, spoils our food, causes illness -Evolved from Archaebacteria

of 26 3. Eukarya: “True Nucleus” -Contains all organisms whose cells contain a nucleus (“brain” of cell, contains DNA) Eukarya Domain is divided into 4 Kingdoms: Protista: Fungi: Plantae: Animalia:

of 26 KingdomProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Autotroph/Heterotroph Unicellular/Multicellular Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic Nonmobile/Mobile Other (repro., habitat) Examples Additional Notes Autotrophic Makes own food Photosynthesis Heterotrophic Obtains food from other sources Unicellular Made up of only one cell Multicellular Made up of many cells Prok aryotic Cells without a nucleus Eukaryotic Cells with a nucleus

of 26 Linnaeus' System of Classification Red fox Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Sea star Coral snake Abert squirrel Eukarya Domain Levels of each Domain= taxon

of 26 Linnaeus' System of Classification The Kingdom is the largest and most inclusive of Linnaeus' taxonomic categories. Black bear Giant panda Grizzly bear Red fox Sea star Abert squirrel Coral snake

of 26 A Kingdom is made up of several different Phylum. PHYLUM Chordata Black bear Giant panda Grizzly bear Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Subphylums: Invertebrates (lack backbone) Vertebrates (has a backbone) Linnaeus' System of Classification

of 26 A Phylum is made up of several different Classes. Abert squirrel Class Mammalia Black bear Giant panda Grizzly bear Red fox Linnaeus' System of Classification

of 26 A Class is made up of several different Orders. Red fox Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Linnaeus' System of Classification

of 26 An Order is made up of several different Families. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Linnaeus' System of Classification

of 26 Each Family is divided into different Genus and Species. Grizzly bear Black bear Linnaeus' System of Classification

of 26 Species: Most specific division of classification -Organisms of the same species can successfully reproduce viable offspring. Linnaeus' System of Classification

of 26 Species can be further divided into subspecies: Breeds: Races: Varieties:

of 26 Scientific Names: -2-word name -based on the two most specific divisions of classification: GENUS AND SPECIES

of 26 Rules for writing Scientific Names: 1. First word is the Genus and it is always capitalized. 2. Second word is the species and it is always lower case. 3. The entire name is underlined or italicized. Ursus arctos or Ursus arctos

of 26 Hybrids: Organisms of the same genus but different species reproduce and produce offspring that are “usually” sterile

of 26 LIGER A liger is the offspring of a lion and a tigress. It is bigger than either parent, 10 - 12 ft in length - making it the biggest hybrid cat and, for many people, the most fascinating.

of 26 Tigon A tigon is the offspring of a tiger and a lioness.

of 26 s Beefalo is a species cross between Bison (buffalo) and domestic cattle of any breed. The purpose of the species cross was to blend the outstanding qualities of the Bison with outstanding qualities of the bovine breeds of the world.

of 26 A Zebroid is a cross between a zebra and any other equid: essentially, a zebra hybrid. They are also known as zebra mules. In general, the sire is a zebra stallion..

of 26 Zebroid: Shetland Pony and a Zebra

of 26 Eubacteria

of 26 STOP HERE MRS. RED!!!!

of 26 Aristotle based his system on: structure for plants and habitat for animals. Linnaeus based his system on: just structures (morphology-study of form & structure)

of 26 Modern scientists (taxonomists) who study taxonomy (science of naming, describing, & classifying organisms) use the following: 1. Homologous Structures -similar structures with different functions

of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

of 26 2.Evidence from Genetics/Biochemistry Common or similar DNA codes or proteins Analysis of the DNA sequence determined that the monkey's DNA code is about 93 percent similar to the human DNA code!!!

of 26 3. Similarities in embryonic development.

of 26 Evolution- How we came into existence How we related to those in the past Driving force of evolution = natural selection 4. Phylogeny-evolutionary history of an organism

of 26 BIG Ideas in Evolution: A. DNA holds the code of life to make Proteins which give us traits Mutations which alter DNA then alter these Proteins Most mutations are evolutionary neutral

of 26 B. Natural Selection

of 26 C. Speciation Occurs when 1 population is isolated from another population (usually geological)

of 26 D. Selective breeding and biotechnology contribute to the deliberate changing of the genetic makeup of a population

of 26 5. Fossil Records- shows development of organisms throughout time

of 26 Two approaches to Phylogenetic Classification: 1.Systematics-organizes the diversity of living things based on context of evolution Based on: Fossils, homologous structures, embryology, genetics, biochemistry

of 26 Creates a Phylogenetic/genic Tree -Each successive group (taxon) should be represented by finer and finer branches all stemming from a common ancestor -Creates a “tree of life”

of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

of 26 2. Creating a cladogram Uses certain features of an organism called shared derived characteristics -features that apparently evolved only within the group under consideration Example: Feathers….. birds are the only animals that have feathers therefore it separates it from all other vertebrates.

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