1. The new state of Israel Immigration Economic development

2. Immigration 1948-51: 650.000  1.3 million – 684.000 immigrants; Sephardic and Ashkenazim Tension between the Ashkenazim Jews and Jews originating from other areas (Middle East, Ethiopia) 1950: Law of return; every Jew got the right to settle in Israel (Who is a Jew?) 1952: Citizenship Law; immediate citizenship granted to Jewish immigrants and Arabs who could prove long-standing residence in Palestine

3. Identity of the new state Zionist ethos vs. notions of social justice The Israeli national identity “ an uneasy combination of secular and religious outlooks” (Cleveland 341) – Secular sphere Israeli Jews different from other Jews; Hebrew as a national language, new names, city life, culture (sport, music) – Religious aspect Religious courts got exclusive jurisdiction in matters of personal status in 1953 – under control of Orthodox rabbinical establishment (Christian and Muslim citizens had their own religious courts – a la millet system under Ottomans) Sabbath observed in the whole country Kosher dietary laws applied in all public institutions State funding for both secular and religious schools

4. Ethnic cleansing Ben-Gurion in a Cabinet meeting, June 16: “They [the Palestinians] lost and fled. Their return must be prevented… and I will oppose their return also after the war” Israel’s government ordered the destruction of 80% of the Arab villages inside Israel in the first years after its creation 1950: Absentee Property Law; all displaced Palestinian Arabs were ‘absentees’ – they could not be Israeli citizens and they had forfeited all lands and property that they had left behind  80% of the land in Israel put under the control of a government custodian Many Arabs who had stayed in Israel were denied citizenship. Areas under military administration  1966

5. UN and the Palestinian refugees UN resolution 194, December 1948 “ Refugees wishing to return to their homes and live in peace with their neighbors should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return.” United Nations Relief for Palestine Refugees set up in November 1948; provided food, clothing and tents UNRWA created in December 1949; shelter and work schemes for Palestinian refugees

6. Political system in Israel Republic All citizens above 18 can vote President (mainly ceremonial) elected by the Knesset for 5 years The Knesset elected by a system of extreme proportional representation (min 1%!)  Multitude of parties; some extremist  Coalition governments A “party state”  party leaders powerful Main political parties: – Mapai (socialist and mainstream Zionist) ; dominating  1977 David Ben-Gurion; prime/defense minister  1963 – Likud (right-wing, revisionist Zionist)

7. The military Haganah  Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) under control of Defense Minister Irgun and Lehi crushed and then incorporated into IDF Ben-Gurion: Israel had to become a “nation in arms” – Reserve system Males: 3 years service  active reserves until 40 Females: 2 years service  active reserves until 35 Military strength  Ben-Gurion doctrine of “retaliation in force”; disproportional armed response to aggressive acts against Israel

8. Economy Agriculture: citrus and cotton – Export affected negatively by the Common Market (Europe) in the late 1950s Foreign aid and investment – US aid – US loans – Private donations from American Jews – 1952: West Germany agreed to pay reparations over a period of 14 years to Israel as compensation for Holocaust Sustained economic growth in Israel from 1956-67

9. Economic problems Continuing large trade deficit High defense spending High unemployment rates

10. Effects of 1967 war on Israel 1 million Palestinians lived in occupied Gaza and the West Bank