1. Vitamins and Minerals
Lecture 5

2. Mineral Supplements Macrominerals
Found in [] greater that 100 ppm in animal body
Ca, P, Mg K and S
Microminerals
Found in [] less than 100 ppm in animal body
Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Se, Zn, and Co

3. Salt Most commonly fed mineral supplement Salt based supplements
Blocks
Loose form
Additional substances often included in Salt supplements
Macro and Micro minerals
Medications
Therapeutic agents (Foot rot treatment, Anti bloat agents, and wormers.
Mineral premixes
Boluses
Liquid supplements

4. Salt cont’d Factors influencing salt requirements Feeding levels
Mineral content of water
Amount of active and sweating
Milk being produced
Temperature and Humidity
Feeding levels
Ruminants = 0.5 – 1.0 % of ration
Swine & Poultry = 0.25 – 0.5% of ration
Amounts in Supplements 1 to 3 %

5. Calcium Supplements Calcium only Calcium and Phosphorus
Limestone
Oyster shells
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium and Phosphorus
Dicalcium Phosphate
Bone Meal
Dolomite limestone also supplies Mg

6. Phosphorus and Mineral Supplements
Sodium Phosphate
Monoammonium phosphate
Phosphoric acid
Forms of minerals commonly used
Carbonates
Oxides
Sulfates

7. Selenium Most highly regulated
Most toxic (approx. 10 times requirement level)
0.1 –0.3 ppm in complete ration
Salt mixtures
90 ppm for sheep
120 ppm for cattle
Feed ingredients from areas high in selenium
North and South Dakota

8. Chelated Minerals
Defined: Medicine. To remove (a heavy metal, such as lead or mercury) from the bloodstream by means of a chelate, such as EDTA.
A chemical compound in the form of a heterocyclic ring, containing a metal ion attached by coordinate bonds to at least two nonmetal ions.
Proteinates (complexes with AA or peptides)
Polysaccharide complexes
Mineral atom bound to an organic substance
Reduces the amount of the mineral binding to an insoluble complexes. Hence, more available.

9. Mineral Utilization and Content
High Ca reduces P utilization
20-33% of Ca in Alfalfa forms oxalates and in unavailable to ruminants. Ward et.al.
Cu is more available from silage sources than hay. Cu a problem in some AZ areas.
Highly fertilized forages causes the N to reduce Mg utilization and increased Ca needs in Sheep
Highly fertilized (Manure) forage increase K levels in Forages

10. Take Home Message Minerals are very expensive to supplement.
Mineral supplements do not necessarily contain the needed supplements
Mineral sources must be provided in the form available to the animal.