1. TM 11-1 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans In the very short term, firms’ prices are fixed. The quantities they sell depend on demand, not supply.

2. TM 11-2 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans The Aggregate Implications of Fixed Prices 1) Because each firm’s price is fixed, the price level is fixed.

3. TM 11-3 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans The Aggregate Implications of Fixed Prices 2) Because demand determines the quantities that each firm sells, aggregate demand determines the aggregate quantity of goods and services sold, which equals GDP.

4. TM 11-4 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans The aggregate expenditure model explains fluctuations in aggregate demand by identifying the forces that determine expenditure plans.

5. TM 11-5 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans Expenditure Plans The components of aggregate expenditure are: 1) Consumption expenditure 2) Investment 3) Government purchases of goods and services 4) Net exports (exports minus imports)

6. TM 11-6 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans Expenditure Plans Aggregate planned expenditure is equal to planned consumption expenditure plus planned investment plus planned government purchases plus planned exports minus planned imports.

7. TM 11-7 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans Expenditure Plans In the very short term all are fixed except planned consumption expenditure and planned imports. They depend on the level of GDP.

8. TM 11-8 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans A Two-Way Link Between Aggregate Expenditure and GDP 1) An increase in real GDP increases aggregate planned expenditure

9. TM 11-9 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans A Two-Way Link Between Aggregate Expenditure and GDP 1) An increase in real GDP increases aggregate planned expenditure 2) An increase in aggregate expenditure increases real GDP

10. TM 11-10 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans Consumption Function and Saving Function We are going to focus on the relationship between consumption and disposable income when other factors are constant. The reason: Disposable income and consumption are interrelated.

11. TM 11-11 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans The main factors that influence consumption and saving are: 1) Real interest rate 2) Disposable income 3) Purchasing power of net assets 4) Expected future income

12. TM 11-12 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans Consumption Function and Saving Function The consumption function shows the relationship between consumption expenditure and disposable income. The saving function shows the relationship between saving and disposable income.

13. TM 11-13 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Consumption Function and Saving Function a00.75-0.75 b11.50-0.50 c22.25-0.25 d33.000 e43.750.25 f54.50.50 Planned DisposableconsumptionPlanned incomeexpendituresaving (trillions of 1992 dollars per year)

14. TM 11-14 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Consumption Function and Saving Function Disposable income (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Consumption expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 1 2 3 4 5 12345

15. TM 11-15 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Consumption Function and Saving Function Disposable income (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Consumption expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 1 2 3 4 5 012345

16. TM 11-16 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Consumption Function and Saving Function Disposable income (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Consumption expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 1 2 3 4 5 012345 a b c d e f

17. TM 11-17 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Consumption Function and Saving Function Disposable income (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Consumption expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 1 2 3 4 5 0 a b c d e f Saving Dissaving Consumption function 12345

18. TM 11-18 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Consumption Function and Saving Function Consumption expenditure that occurs when disposable income is zero is autonomous consumption. Consumption in excess of this is called induced consumption.

19. TM 11-19 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Consumption Function and Saving Function 0 1 13452 Saving (trillions of 1992 dollars per year) Disposable income (trillions of 1992 dollars per year)

20. TM 11-20 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Consumption Function and Saving Function 0 1 1 Saving function 345 a b c d e f Saving (trillions of 1992 dollars per year) Disposable income (trillions of 1992 dollars per year)

21. TM 11-21 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Consumption Function and Saving Function 0 1 1345 Dissaving Saving function a b c d e f Disposable income (trillions of 1992 dollars per year) Saving (trillions of 1992 dollars per year)

22. TM 11-22 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans Marginal Propensities to Consume and Save The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is the fraction of a change in disposable income that is consumed.

23. TM 11-23 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans Marginal Propensities to Consume and Save The marginal propensity to save (MPS) is the fraction of a change in disposable income that is saved.

24. TM 11-24 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans Marginal Propensities to Consume and Save Divide both sides of the equation by the change in disposable income to obtain:

25. TM 11-25 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans These two values are the marginal propensity to consume and the marginal propensity to save, so:

26. TM 11-26 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans Slopes and Marginal Propensities The slopes of the consumption function and the saving function are the marginal propensities to consume and save.

27. TM 11-27 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Marginal Propensities to Consume and Save Disposable income (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Consumption expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 1 2 3 4 5 012345 a b c d e f Consumption function 45 o line

28. TM 11-28 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Marginal Propensities to Consume and Save Disposable income (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Consumption expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 1 2 3 4 5 012345 a b c d e f Consumption function 45 o line MPC= 0.75 trillion

29. TM 11-29 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Marginal Propensities to Consume and Save 0 1 1 Saving function 345 a b c d e f Saving (trillions of 1992 dollars per year) Disposable income (trillions of 1992 dollars per year)

30. TM 11-30 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Marginal Propensities to Consume and Save 0 1 1 Saving function 345 a b c d e f Saving (trillions of 1992 dollars per year) Disposable income (trillions of 1992 dollars per year) MPS= 0.25 trillion

31. TM 11-31 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans The other factors that change consumption expenditure and saving are: 1) Real interest rates 2) The purchasing power of net assets 3) Expected future income

32. TM 11-32 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Shifts in the Consumption and Saving Function Disposable income (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Consumption expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 1 2 3 4 5 012345 45 o line CF 0

33. TM 11-33 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Shifts in the Consumption and Saving Function Disposable income (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Consumption expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 1 2 3 4 5 012345 45 o line CF 0 CF 1

34. TM 11-34 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Shifts in the Consumption and Saving Function Disposable income (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Consumption expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 1 2 3 4 5 012345 45 o line CF 0 CF 1 CF 2

35. TM 11-35 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Shifts in the Consumption and Saving Function 0 1 1345 Saving (trillions of 1992 dollars per year) Disposable income (trillions of 1992 dollars per year) 2 SF 0 SF 1

36. TM 11-36 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Shifts in the Consumption and Saving Function 0 1 1345 Saving (trillions of 1992 dollars per year) Disposable income (trillions of 1992 dollars per year) 2 SF 0 SF 1

37. TM 11-37 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Shifts in the Consumption and Saving Function 0 1 145 Saving (trillions of 1992 dollars per year) Disposable income (trillions of 1992 dollars per year) 2 SF 0 SF 1 SF 2 3

38. TM 11-38 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The U.S. Consumption Function

39. TM 11-39 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans Import Function The greater the U.S. real GDP, the larger is the quantity of U.S. imports, other things remaining the same. The marginal propensity to import is the fraction of an increase in real GDP that is spent on imports.

40. TM 11-40 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Real GDP with a Fixed Price Level How does aggregate expenditure plans interact to determine real GDP when the price level is fixed?

41. TM 11-41 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Real GDP with a Fixed Price Level First, we will study the relationship between aggregate planned expenditure and real GDP. Second, we’ll learn about the key distinction between planned expenditure and actual expenditure.

42. TM 11-42 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Aggregate Planned Expenditure a00.750.50.551.20.03 b22.250.50.551.20.54 c43.750.50.551.21.05 d65.250.50.551.21.56 e86.750.50.551.22.07 f108.250.50.551.22.58 Aggregate ConsumptionGovernmentplanned Real GDPexpenditureInvestmentpurchasesExportsImportsexpenditure (Y)(C)(I)(G)(X)(M)(AE=C+I+G+X–M) (trillions of 1992 dollars) Planned expenditure Darken lines

43. TM 11-43 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Aggregate Planned Expenditure Real GDP (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Aggregate planned expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 2 4 6 8 10 02468

44. TM 11-44 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Aggregate Planned Expenditure Real GDP (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Aggregate planned expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 2 4 6 8 10 02468 I

45. TM 11-45 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Aggregate Planned Expenditure Real GDP (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Aggregate planned expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 2 4 6 8 10 02468 I I + G

46. TM 11-46 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Aggregate Planned Expenditure Real GDP (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Aggregate planned expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 2 4 6 8 10 02468 I I + G I + G + X

47. TM 11-47 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Aggregate Planned Expenditure Real GDP (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Aggregate planned expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 2 4 6 8 10 02468 I I + G I + G + X I + G + X + C Consumption expenditure

48. TM 11-48 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Aggregate Planned Expenditure Real GDP (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Aggregate planned expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 2 4 6 8 10 02468 I I + G I + G + X a b c d e f AE I + G + X + C Imports Consumption expenditure

49. TM 11-49 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Aggregate Planned Expenditure and Real GDP Equilibrium Expenditure Equilibrium expenditure is the level of aggregate expenditure that occurs when aggregate planned expenditure equals real GDP. When aggregate planned expenditure and actual aggregate expenditure are unequal, a process of convergence toward equilibrium expenditure occurs.

50. TM 11-50 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Aggregate Planned Expenditure and Real GDP Convergence to Equilibrium When actual and planned expenditure are unequal, unplanned changes in business inventories (investment) occur. GDP either increases or decreases until actual expenditures equal planned expenditures.

51. TM 11-51 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Equilibrium Expenditure Real GDP (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Aggregate planned expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 0246810 45 o line

52. TM 11-52 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. d Equilibrium Expenditure Real GDP (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Aggregate planned expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 0246810 a bc e f 45 o line

53. TM 11-53 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. d Planned expenditure exceeds real GDP Equilibrium Expenditure Real GDP (trillions of 1992 dollars per year Aggregate planned expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars/year. 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 0246810 a bc e f Real GDP exceeds planned expenditure 45 o line Equilibrium expenditure

54. TM 11-54 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier The multiplier is the amount by which a change in autonomous expenditure is magnified or multiplied to determine the change in equilibrium expenditure and real GDP.

55. TM 11-55 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier The Basic Idea of the Multiplier Suppose that investment increases

56. TM 11-56 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier The Basic Idea of the Multiplier Suppose that investment increases This means that aggregate expenditure and real GDP increases.

57. TM 11-57 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier The Basic Idea of the Multiplier Suppose that investment increases This means that aggregate expenditure and real GDP increases. Disposable income increases

58. TM 11-58 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier The Basic Idea of the Multiplier Suppose that investment increases This means that aggregate expenditure and real GDP increases. Disposable income increases Consumption expenditures increase

59. TM 11-59 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier The Basic Idea of the Multiplier Suppose that investment increases This means that aggregate expenditure and real GDP increases. Disposable income increases Consumption expenditures increase Aggregate expenditure increases again

60. TM 11-60 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier The Basic Idea of the Multiplier Suppose that investment increases This means that aggregate expenditure and real GDP increases. Disposable income increases Consumption expenditures increase Aggregate expenditure increases again Real GDP, disposable income, and consumption expenditure increase more.

61. TM 11-61 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier The Basic Idea of the Multiplier Suppose that investment increases This means that aggregate expenditure and real GDP increases. Disposable income increases Consumption expenditures increase Aggregate expenditure increases again Real GDP, disposable income, and consumption expenditure increase more. The initial increase in investment brings an even bigger increase in aggregate expenditure because it induces an increase in consumption expenditure.

62. TM 11-62 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier Real GDP (trillions of 1992 dollars) Aggregate expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars) 5 6 7 8 9 56789 45 o line a b c d e AE 0

63. TM 11-63 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier Real GDP (trillions of 1992 dollars) Aggregate expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars) 5 6 7 8 9 56789 AE 1 45 o line a b c d e a' b' c' d' e' AE 0

64. TM 11-64 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier Real GDP (trillions of 1992 dollars) Aggregate expenditure (trillions of 1992 dollars) 5 6 7 8 9 56789 AE 1 45 o line a b c d e a' b' c' d' e' AE 0 …increases real GDP by $2 trillion A $0,5 trillion increase in investment...

65. TM 11-65 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier The Size of the Multiplier The multiplier is the amount by which a change in autonomous expenditure is multiplied to determine the change in equilibrium expenditure that it generates.

66. TM 11-66 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier The multiplier is (from the table shown earlier): Multiplier = Change in equilibrium expenditure Change in autonomous expenditure = = 4 $2 trillion $0.5 trillion

67. TM 11-67 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier The Multiplier and the Marginal Propensity to Consume and Save The larger the marginal propensity to consume, the larger the multiplier.

68. TM 11-68 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier A change in real GDP equals the change in consumption expenditure plus the change in investment:

69. TM 11-69 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier But the change in consumption expenditure is determined by the change in real GDP and the marginal propensity to consume:

70. TM 11-70 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier Substituting in the previous equation we get: IY MPC  Y  )(

71. TM 11-71 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier Solving for we get:

72. TM 11-72 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier Dividing both sides of this equation by we get:

73. TM 11-73 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier Using this formula, with MPC = 0.75, the multiplier is:

74. TM 11-74 Copyright © 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. The Multiplier Process Expenditure round Increase in current round Cumulative increase from previous rounds 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15