1. Definition Section 4.1: Indefinite Integrals

2. The process of finding the indefinite integral of f(x) is called integration of f(x) or integrating f(x). If we need to be specific about the integration variable we will say that we are integrating f(x) with respect to x. Properties of the Indefinite Integral:

4. The first integral that we will look at is the integral of a power of x. The general rule when integrating a power of x we add one onto the exponent and then divide by the new exponent. It is clear that we will need to avoid n = -1 in this formula. If we allow in this formula we will end up with division by zero. Next is one of the easier integrals but always seems to cause problems for students. Let us now take a look at the trigonometric functions:

5. Example: Now, let us take care of exponential and logarithm functions.

8. Integration by substitution: After the last section we now know how to do the following integrals However, we can’t do the following integrals: Let us start with the first one

9. In this case let us notice and we compute the differential Now, we go back to our integral and notice that we can eliminate every x that exists in the integral and write the integral completely in terms of u using both the definition of u and its differential Evaluating the integral gives,

10. Example: Solution: (a) In this case let us take and we compute the differential Now, we go back to our integral and notice that we can eliminate every w that exists in the integral and write the integral completely in terms of u using both the definition of u and its differential

11. In this case let us take and we compute the differential Thus we get In this case let us take So, Thus we get

12. In this case let us take So, Thus,

13. Integration by parts: Example 1: Solution: Example 2: Solution:

14. Inserting this integral in the first one yields Bringing the last term to the left hand side and dividing by 2 gives Example 3: Solution:

15. Example 4: Solution:

16. Example 5: Solution:

17. Integration by partial fractions: Main Rules:

18. Example 1: First we write Thus Integrating, we get Distinct roots: Solution:

19. Integrating, we obtain Therefore Example 2: Solution:

20. which we can integrate term by term Thus Therefore Multiple roots: Example 3: First we write Solution:

21. Example 4: Solution: First we write Multiply bywe get Thus Integrating, we obtain

22. Solution: Example 5: No roots: Main Rule: Thus Solution: Example 6: Here we can’t find real factors, because the roots are complex. But we can complete the square: