1. Multiple Spacecraft Observatories for 2020 and Beyond: Breaking a Tradition of Four Centuries Webster Cash University of Colorado

2. Telescope

3. Large Telescope

4. Multiple Telescopes

5. Radio Telescope

6. Large Radio Telescope

7. Multiple Radio Telescopes

8. Space Telescope

9. Large Space Telescopes ATLAST 8-16m Visible light Gen-X1000x area, 10x res (vs Chandra) SAFIR100x Spitzer area These represent the largest affordable telescopes. They are being proposed right now.

10. Multiple Space Telescopes Stable - not rotating like Earth surface No Gravity – Large Lightweight Structures Large Diameters -- formation flying Very Long Baselines – formation flying Reduces pointing problem -- formation flying Natural Evolution, because space has major advantages

11. Thin Lens Behavior As a thin lens wobbles, the image in space does not move Position on the detector changes only because the detector moves

12. Formation Flying If detector is on a separate craft, then a wobble in the lens has no effect on the image. But motion of detector relative to Line of Sight (red) does! Much easier than stabilizing array.

13. Let’s Look at Some Multiple Craft Observatories

14. Constellation-X Grouping of similar craft to increase area. Can only be of use in a low noise application like x-ray astronomy.

15. New Worlds Observer External Occulter Large Distance but Loose Formation

16. Stellar Imager Dilute Aperture Telescope

17. MAXIM Dilute aperture telescope

18. TPF-I Dilute aperture (nulling) telescope

19. LISA Complete break with telescope tradition But gee! It’s gravity waves. What do you expect?

20. Trend in Multiples Gang together – Save some money Dilute aperture telescopes – Driven by resolution – Formation fly to optical tolerances – They’re gonna be expensive! Special Applications – LISA for gravity waves – New Worlds for contrast enhancement

21. New Worlds Observer

22. Occulter Diagram Telescope big enough to collect enough light from planet Occulter big enough to block star –Want low transmission on axis and high transmission off axis Telescope far enough back to have a properly small IWA No outer working angle: View entire system at once NWD Starshade JWST Target Star Planet

23. Big Sheet of Specially Shaped Plastic can suppress diffraction

24. Performance (with circularly symmetric apodization ) A 50m diameter occulter at 50,000km will reveal Earths at 10pc a=b=12.5m n=6 F=50,000km

25. Shadow of 16 Petal Mask Linear Log

26. Simulated Solar System

27. Image of Solar System with 4m Telescope Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Zodiacal Light Galaxies 10 arcseconds

28. Spectroscopy R > 100 spectroscopy will distinguish terrestrial atmospheres from Jovian with modeling O2O2 H2OH2O CH 4 NH 3

29. Photometry Calculated Photometry of Cloudless Earth as it Rotates It Should Be Possible to Detect Oceans and Continents!

30. 1.5m Telescope

31. 2.4m Telescope

32. 4m Telescope

33. 10m Telescope

34. 1.5m Telescope

35. 2.4m Telescope

36. 4m Telescope

37. Conclusion Multiple Spacecraft Observatories are inevitable They uniquely enable fundamental new science. They are being developed now. 2020 Observatories Simpler applications likely to go first while the astronomy community completes its large telescope imperative.