1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Modern War, De- and Re-colonization

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Decolonization and a Bipolar World Always:‘nationalist’ aspirations communal identities metropolitan interests settler society Superpower meddling Gandhi, the INC, Independence and Partition

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 Independence, 15 August 1947 and partition creates India and Pakistan Mohammad Ali Jinnah Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Lord and Lady Mountbatten

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Indian National Congress (est. 1883) British intellectuals politicians administrators Indian:of all religions/philosophies businessmen politicians would be civil servants

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Known for 1930 Salt March ► ► ahimsa Sanskrit term - to do no harm bars the harming or killing of living beings satyagraha ‘holding firmly to truth’ [i.e. not passive] ‘vindication of truth, not by infliction of Khadi cloth suffering on the opponent, but on oneself’ cooperating with an opponent to meet a just end the means are no different than the end Can’t beat the British at their own game Quit India Movement

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre Duke of Edinburgh “Your action is correct. Lieutenant Governor approves.”

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Partition: India and Pakistan

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. So wherein lies the difference?

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Harappan society and its neighbors, ca. 2000 B.C.E. re-‘discovered’ 1940s relationship to contemporary India ethnicity, spirituality and nature of citizenship redefinition of modern society (without Britain)

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Experiencing Partition too fast; Radcliffe Line unfair resource allocation unfair failed to protect, provide for 2 million refugees internal and trans-border mass murder; mass rape

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. the Princely States over 600 princely states separate/unique legal agreements with the Raj plebiscites to determine future:India Pakistan Independent variety of outcomes: peaceful transfer martial law war

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Kashmir ¾-Muslim state bordering newly-created Pakistan Maharaja did not join Pakistan invaded; India countered; UN involved never a plebiscite; no border – a ‘Line of Control’ tri-administered three wars post-independence

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Independence won by Indians, or deserted by a war-worn Britain internal difference could not be ‘solved’ but ‘solve’ lots fighting somewhere on the sub-continent every day since it is the world’s biggest democracy, at 1.3 billion people