1. Civil War The Fall of the Roman Republic

2. The Aftermath of Caesar We left off with the assassination of Caesar – Mark Antony had claimed the support of the Populares, those who had loved Caesar He gave a passionate speech and stirred up a mob against the conspirators!

3. Flight & a New Alliance With most Romans up in arms against them, the conspirators were forced to leave Rome and flee to Greece Antony prepared to follow the assassins with an army Gaius Octavius, now 20, returned to Rome after hearing that he had been named Caesar’s successor in his will, and raised an army to avenge his uncle/adoptive father

4. Flight & a New Alliance Despite some brief disagreements, Mark Antony and Gaius Octavius had the same goals (at least for now).. Avenging Caesar In 43 BCE (within a year of the murder), they had agreed to form an alliance. Antony, Octavius and his ally, Lepidus, created the Second Triumvirate – despite the opposition of the senate! Antony even married Octavia, Octavius’ sister..

5. The Second Triumvirate Created in 43 BCE, the Second Triumvirate, was, unlike the first, an official institution A five year term was given to the three co-rulers, who had no other limits on their power The next year, 42 BCE, Lepidus was left in control of Rome and Antony and Octavian set out for Greece to confront Marcus Brutus and the other conspirators! By this time, Brutus and Cassius had taken over most of the Eastern provinces, including Greece, Macedonia and Syria

6. The Meeting at Philippi In October, 42 BCE, Antony and Octavian finally clashed with Brutus and Cassius at Philippi in Macedonia Each side is estimated to have had about 100,000 soldiers in battle The conspirators were hesitant to go into battle – they were more inclined to find a defensible position and try to cut off the triumvirs communication lines to Italy

7. The First Battle at Philippi The first battle came on October 3 rd. Antony, a more experienced general than Octavian, was able to storm Cassius’ camp – Cassius suffered 9,000 casuaties Octavian fared less well. He was surprised by Brutus’ attack and his army fled. They suffered 18,000 casualties.

8. End of the First Battle The First Battle was not decisive – a leader from each side could claim a victory However, when Cassius (who had lost his conflict) climbed a hill to look around and see how his companion Brutus had fared, he couldn’t make out much due to all the dust. He assumed that his side had suffered an all around defeat and he ordered his freedman to kill him so he wouldn’t be taken prisoner The conflict clearly wasn’t finished, but Brutus was now alone, facing Antony and Octavian

9. The Second Battle at Philippi After winning the first battle, Brutus wanted to delay as long as he could and hope to tire out Antony and Octavian His soldiers, though, wanted to fight and end the battle, and Brutus was pushed to attack on October 23, 42 BCE

10. Aftermath of Philippi Brutus’ attack on Antony and Octavian failed. Ranks broke and Octavian captured the gates to his camp Brutus fled with a few surviving legions, but fearing capture or death, he committed suicide Many other notable figures committed suicide as well, but a large number of the survivors negotiated peace with Antony and entered his army Antony stayed in the East, while Octavian was sent back to Rome soon after the battle

11. Division of Provinces In 40 BCE, Antony, Octavian and Lepidus formally divided up the provinces they would be responsible for governing Lepidus had very little say at this point – he was given only Africa Antony kept control of the East – Greece, Macedonia, Syria & Asia Octavian got control of the West – Italy, Gaul and Hispania

12. Octavian & Lepidus In the West, Octavian had to deal with Sextus Pompeius, the surviving son of Pompey Sextus had taken control of Sicily and was engaging in piracy – endangering the transport of Egyptian grain to Europe Lepidus defeated Sextus in Sicily in 36 BCE, and ignored the fact that Octavian had declared that surrender would not be allowed (he was still avenging Caesar in his mind) Angry about Lepidus’ decision, Octavian bribed Lepidus’ army to desert and join him. This took away the little political and military power Lepidus had

13. Antony in the East Antony was campaigning in the East against the Parthians during this time. He met with Cleopatra, supposedly to determine her loyalties Cleopatra charmed him and he spent the winter of 41-40 BCE with her in Egypt – she soon had two children with him Eventually, he had an Egyptian marriage with her, and a third child (even though he was already married in Rome to Octavia, Octavian’s sister!)

14. Rome turns against Antony In 34 BCE, Antony did more to anger Octavian and Rome than just taking up with the Egyptian queen He divided up almost all of the Roman East among Cleopatra and their children Antony made his children with Cleopatra rulers of Libya, Armenia, Parthia, & Syria He also named Caesarion Caesar’s legitimate son and heir – this threatened Octavian personally, since he claimed power largely through being Caesar’s adopted son and heir!

15. Rome turns against Antony Then, in 32 BCE, Antony formally divorced and deserted Octavia, Octavian’s sister – this was yet another big personal blow to Octavian, his former ally Then, a document was discovered in which Antony asked to be buried in Alexandria – making the Romans feel like he had chosen to be Egyptian instead of Roman Octavian and Antony ended up in a big propaganda war. Antony was accused of starting wars without approval, distributing lands that weren’t his to give, and being completely in Cleopatra’s control

16. The Last Civil War Begins In 32 BCE, the senate took away Antony’s powers as a triumvir and declared war on Cleopatra, who was blamed for most of what had gone wrong with Antony About a third of the senate left to side with Antony and Cleopatra, the rest stayed with Octavian After several skirmishes, the final confrontation between Antony and Octavian would take place in September 31 BCE at Actium

18. The Battle of Actium Antony had 230 very large ships heading away from Greece toward the open sea. Octavian and his general Marcus Agrippa drew up against him with much smaller ships, but manned with more experienced and fresh rowers and soldiers Cleopatra’s fleet was supposed to be backing Antony’s up, but when she saw the battle turning against him she retreated to open sea and waited. Antony managed to escape with a few ships and join Cleopatra Octavian captured and sank every one of Antony’s ships left behind

19. Aftermath of Actium After Antony’s crushing defeat, most of the rest of his army deserted Octavian slowly followed Antony and Cleopatra back to Egypt, stopping to make sure the Roman governors and leaders in the East would accept him as the victor and leader of Rome In 30 BCE he met Antony in battle outside Alexandria and before Antony could be captured, he committed suicide – believing that Cleopatra herself had already been captured or killed

20. Octavian Grows Stronger Within a couple of weeks, Cleopatra had killed herself as well Octavian also had Caesarion killed later that year, to prevent him from ever making a claim to be Caesar’s real son and heir Over the next couple of years, Octavian replaced the governors of the frontier provinces (where most troops were stationed) with men loyal to him. He also purged the senate of those who didn’t support him Although he left the Republican institutions (senate, consuls, tribunes, etc) untouched, he had gathered all the real power in Rome to himself

21. The Fall of the Republic It seemed that the people were so tired of civil war by this point that they were ready to give up republican rule by the senate and people’s assembly for the security of one strong ruler By 27 BCE, the republic had ended. Octavian made a show of offering back to the senate all the power he had gained and they refused, giving him the title “Augustus” = revered one. He also took the titles princeps (first citizen) and imperator (a victorious military commander) – He had officially become emperor, ending the Roman Republic!