1. Future precision neutrino experiments and their theoretical implications Matter to the deepest Ustron, Poland September 6, 2007 Walter Winter Universität Würzburg

2. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter2 Contents Introduction Introduction Future neutrino oscillation experiments Future neutrino oscillation experiments What are these experiments good for? What are these experiments good for? Testing the theory space: One example Testing the theory space: One example Summary Summary

3. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter3 Three flavor neutrino oscillations (the “standard” picture) Coupling strength:  13 Atmospheric oscillations: Amplitude:  23 Frequency:  m 31 2 Solar oscillations: Amplitude:  12 Frequency:  m 21 2 Suppressed effect:  CP Does this parameter explain the baryon asymmetry? Only upper bound so far! Key to CP violation in the lepton sector! (Super-K, 1998; Chooz, 1999; SNO 2001+2002; KamLAND 2002) Two large mixing angles!  m 21 2 <<  m 31 2

4. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter4 A multi-detector reactor experiment … for a “clean” measurement of  13 Double Chooz size Daya Bay size (Minakata et al, 2002; Huber, Lindner, Schwetz, Winter, 2003) Identical detectors, L ~ 1.1-1.7 km Unknown systematics important for large luminosity NB: No sensitivity to  CP and mass hierarchy!

5. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter5 On the way to precision: Neutrino Beams Accelerator- based neutrino source Often: near detector (measures flux times cross sections) Far detector Baseline: L ~ E/  m 2 (Osc. length)   ?

6. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter6 Example: MINOS Measurement of atmospheric parameters with high precision Measurement of atmospheric parameters with high precision Flavor conversion ? Flavor conversion ? Fermilab - Soudan L ~ 735 km Far detector: 5400 t Near detector: 980 t 735 km Beam line See also Kielczewska‘s talk!

7. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter7 The hunt for  13 Example scenario; bands reflect unknown  CP Example scenario; bands reflect unknown  CP New generation of experiments dominates quickly! New generation of experiments dominates quickly! Neutrino factory: Uses muon decays    + e + e Reach down to sin 2 2  13 ~ 10 -5 - 10 -4 (~ osc. amplitude!) Neutrino factory: Uses muon decays    + e + e Reach down to sin 2 2  13 ~ 10 -5 - 10 -4 (~ osc. amplitude!) (from: FNAL Proton Driver Study) GLoBES 2005

8. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter8 IDS-NF launched at NuFact 07 International design study for a neutrino factory Successor of the International Scoping Study for a „future neutrino factory and superbeam facility“: Physics case made in physics WG report (~368 pp) http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/ids Successor of the International Scoping Study for a „future neutrino factory and superbeam facility“: Physics case made in physics WG report (~368 pp) http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/ids http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/ids Initiative from ~ 2007-2012 to present a design report, schedule, cost estimate, risk assessment for a neutrino factory Initiative from ~ 2007-2012 to present a design report, schedule, cost estimate, risk assessment for a neutrino factory In Europe: Close connection to „Euro us“ proposal within the FP 07; currently ranked #1, negotiating contract In Europe: Close connection to „Euro us“ proposal within the FP 07; currently ranked #1, negotiating contract In the US: „Muon collider task force“ How can a neutrino factory be „upgraded“ to a muon collider? In the US: „Muon collider task force“ How can a neutrino factory be „upgraded“ to a muon collider?

9. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter9 Appearance channels:  e  Complicated, but all relevant information there:  13,  CP, mass hierarchy (via A) (Cervera et al. 2000; Freund, 2001; Akhmedov et al., 2004)

10. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter10 Problems with degeneracies Connected (green) or disconnected (yellow) degenerate solutions in parameter space Connected (green) or disconnected (yellow) degenerate solutions in parameter space Affect measurements Example:  13 -sensitivity Affect measurements Example:  13 -sensitivity (Huber, Lindner, Winter, 2002) Discrete degeneracies: ( ,  13 )-degeneracy (Burguet-Castell et al, 2001) sgn-degeneracy (Minakata, Nunokawa, 2001) (  23,  /2-  23 )-degeneracy (Fogli, Lisi, 1996) Discrete degeneracies: ( ,  13 )-degeneracy (Burguet-Castell et al, 2001) sgn-degeneracy (Minakata, Nunokawa, 2001) (  23,  /2-  23 )-degeneracy (Fogli, Lisi, 1996)

11. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter11 Resolving degeneracies Example: „Magic“ baseline for NF L= ~ 4000 km (CP) + ~7500 km (degs) today baseline configuration of a neutrino factory (ISS study, 2006) L= ~ 4000 km (CP) + ~7500 km (degs) today baseline configuration of a neutrino factory (ISS study, 2006) (Huber, Winter, 2003)

12. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter12 Why these measurements? Mass models describe masses and mixings by symmetries, GUTs, anarchy arguments, etc. Mass models describe masses and mixings by symmetries, GUTs, anarchy arguments, etc. Predictions for  13,  23 -  /4, mass hierarchy, etc. Predictions for  13,  23 -  /4, mass hierarchy, etc. Example: Literature research for  13 Example: Literature research for  13 (Albright, Chen, 2006) Peak generic or biased? Experiments provide important hints for theory

13. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter13 Systematic model building A conventional approach: A conventional approach: Bottom-up approach: Bottom-up approach: Theory (e.g. GUT, flavor symmetry) Yukawa coupling structure Fit (order one coeff.) to data!? Theory (e.g. flavor symmetry) Yukawa coupling structure Yukawa couplings with order one coeff. Connection to observables ModelTextureRealization Generic assumptions (e.g. QLC) m : 11 : n Diag., many d.o.f. No diag., reduce d.o.f. by knowledge on data

14. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter14 Benefits of bottom-up approach Key features: 1. Construct all possibilities given a set of generic assumptions  New textures, models, etc. 2. Learn something about parameter space  Spin-off: Learn how experiments can most efficiently test this parameter space! Very generic assumptions Automated procedure: generate all possibilities Interpretation/ analysis Select solutions compatible with data Cannot foresee the outcome! Low bias!?

15. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter15 Example: Quark-lepton unification? Phenomenological hint e.g. („Quark-Lepton- Complementarity“ - QLC) Phenomenological hint e.g. („Quark-Lepton- Complementarity“ - QLC) (Petcov, Smirnov, 1993; Smirnov, 2004; Raidal, 2004; Minakata, Smirnov, 2004; others) Is there one quantity  ~  C which describes all mixings and hierarchies? Is there one quantity  ~  C which describes all mixings and hierarchies? Remnant of a unified theory? Remnant of a unified theory? Lepton Sector Quark Sector Symmetry breaking(s) E Unified theory  

16. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter16 Manifestation of  Mass hierarchies of quarks/charged leptons: m u :m c :m t =  6 :  4 :1, m d :m s :m b =  4 :  2 :1, m e :m  :m  =  4 :  2 :1 Mass hierarchies of quarks/charged leptons: m u :m c :m t =  6 :  4 :1, m d :m s :m b =  4 :  2 :1, m e :m  :m  =  4 :  2 :1 Neutrino masses: m 1 :m 2 :m 3 ~  2 :  :1, 1:1:  oder 1:1:1 Neutrino masses: m 1 :m 2 :m 3 ~  2 :  :1, 1:1:  oder 1:1:1 Mixings Mixings 1 3333 1 2222 3333 22221 V CKM ~ U PMNS ~ V CKM + U bimax ? Combination of  and max. mixings?  Generic assumption!

17. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter17 Extended QLC in the 3x3-case 1. Generate all possible (real, std. param.) U l, U with mixing angles(262.144) 2. Calculate U PMNS and read off mixing angles; select only realizations compatible with data (2.468) 3. Calculate mass matrices using eigenvalues from last slide and determine leading order coeff.  a few Textures  No diagonalization necessary Charged lepton mass termsEffective neutrino mass terms cf., CC (interaction) Rotates left-handed fields Do not rotate away U l because you would change your symmetry base! Cutoff given by current precision ~  2

18. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter18 New textures from extended QLC New sum rules and systematic classification of textures New sum rules and systematic classification of textures Example: „Diamond“ textures with new sum rules, such as (includes coefficients from underlying realizations) Can be obtained from two large mixing angles in the lepton sector! Example: „Diamond“ textures with new sum rules, such as (includes coefficients from underlying realizations) Can be obtained from two large mixing angles in the lepton sector! (Plentinger, Seidl, Winter, hep-ph/0612169)

19. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter19 Distribution of observables Parameter space analysis based on realizations Parameter space analysis based on realizations Large   3 preferred Large   3 preferred Compared to the GUT literature: Some realizations with very small sin 2 2  13 ~3.3 10 -5 Compared to the GUT literature: Some realizations with very small sin 2 2  13 ~3.3 10 -5 (Plentinger, Seidl, Winter, hep-ph/0612169)

20. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter20 The seesaw in extended QLC (Plentinger, Seidl, Winter, arXiv:0707.2379) Generate all mixing angles and hierarchies by Only real cases!

21. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter21 See-saw statistics (NH) … based on realizations Often: Mild hierarchies in M R found Resonant leptogenesis? Flavor effects? Often: Mild hierarchies in M R found Resonant leptogenesis? Flavor effects? Charged lepton mixing is, in general, not small! Charged lepton mixing is, in general, not small! Special cases rare, except from M R ~ diagonal! Special cases rare, except from M R ~ diagonal! (Plentinger, Seidl, Winter, arXiv:0707.2379)

22. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter22 Seesaw-Textures (NH,  13 small) Obtain 1981 texture sets {M l, M D, M R } Obtain 1981 texture sets {M l, M D, M R } (Plentinger, Seidl, Winter, arXiv:0707.2379; http://theorie.physik.uni-wuerzburg.de/~winter/Resources/SeeSawTex/ )  = 0,  2

23. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter23 Outlook: Towards model building Example: Froggatt-Nielsen mechanism (  =v/M F v: universal VEVs breaking the flavor symmetry, M F : super-heavy fermion masses) Use M-fold Z N product flavor symmetry Example: Froggatt-Nielsen mechanism (  =v/M F v: universal VEVs breaking the flavor symmetry, M F : super-heavy fermion masses) Use M-fold Z N product flavor symmetry   -powers are determined by flavor symmetry quantum numbers of left- and right- handed fermions! How much complexity is actually needed to reproduce our textures?  Depends on structure in textures! How much complexity is actually needed to reproduce our textures?  Depends on structure in textures! (Plentinger, Seidl, Winter, in preparation) PRELIMINARY Our 1981 textures PRELIMINARY Systematic test of all possible charge assignments!

24. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter24 One example Z 5 x Z 4 x Z 3 Z 5 x Z 4 x Z 3 Case 205, Texture 1679 Case 205, Texture 1679 (http://theorie.physik.uni-wuerzburg.de/~winter/Resources/SeeSawTex/) Quantum numbers (example): 1 c, 2 c, 3 c :(1,0,1), (0,3,2), (3,3,0) l 1, l 2, l 3 : (4,3,2), (0,1,0), (0,2,2) e 1 c, e 2 c, e 3 c : (3,0,2), (2,0,2), (1,2,0) Quantum numbers (example): 1 c, 2 c, 3 c :(1,0,1), (0,3,2), (3,3,0) l 1, l 2, l 3 : (4,3,2), (0,1,0), (0,2,2) e 1 c, e 2 c, e 3 c : (3,0,2), (2,0,2), (1,2,0) Realization: can e.g. be realized with (  12,  13,  23 ) ~ (33 o,0.2 o,52 o ) Realization: can e.g. be realized with (  12,  13,  23 ) ~ (33 o,0.2 o,52 o ) (Plentinger, Seidl, Winter, in preparation) Absorb overall scaling factor in absolute scale! 0 ~  3,  4, …!

25. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter25 Summary There are many open neutrino questions, such as the connection between  CP and baryogenesis There are many open neutrino questions, such as the connection between  CP and baryogenesis Future experiments may test sin 2 2  13 down to ~ 10 -5 and measure  CP at the level of about 10 degrees (1  for sin 2 2  13 = 10 -3 ) Future experiments may test sin 2 2  13 down to ~ 10 -5 and measure  CP at the level of about 10 degrees (1  for sin 2 2  13 = 10 -3 ) We parameterize U PMNS in the same way as V CKM  What can we learn from a comparison? We parameterize U PMNS in the same way as V CKM  What can we learn from a comparison? One may learn about the theory space and distributions of observables from „automated model building“ using generic assumptions One may learn about the theory space and distributions of observables from „automated model building“ using generic assumptions Extended QLC is one such assumption which connects neutrino physics with the quark sector via  ~  C Extended QLC is one such assumption which connects neutrino physics with the quark sector via  ~  C

26. Backup

27. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter27 Neutrino factory Ultimate “high precision” instrument!? Ultimate “high precision” instrument!? Muon decays in straight sections of storage ring Muon decays in straight sections of storage ring Technical challenges: Target power, muon cooling, charge identification, maybe steep decay tunnels Technical challenges: Target power, muon cooling, charge identification, maybe steep decay tunnels (from: CERN Yellow Report ) p Target , K  Decays  -Accelerator  Cooling “Right sign” “Wrong sign” “Right sign” “Wrong sign” (Geer, 1997; de Rujula, Gavela, Hernandez, 1998; Cervera et al, 2000)

28. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter28 NF precision measurements (Gandhi, Winter, 2006)(Huber, Lindner, Winter, 2004)  CP precision  13 precision  CP dep. 33

29. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter29 How exps affect this parameter space Strong pressure from  13 and  12 measurements Strong pressure from  13 and  12 measurements  12 can emerge as a combination between maximal mixing and  C !  „Extended“ QLC  12 can emerge as a combination between maximal mixing and  C !  „Extended“ QLC (Plentinger, Seidl, Winter, hep-ph/0612169)

30. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter30 Introducing complex phases Vary all complex phases with uniform distributions Vary all complex phases with uniform distributions Calculate all valid realizations and textures (n:1)  Landscape interpretation with some flavor structure? (see e.g. Hall, Salem, Watari, 2007) Calculate all valid realizations and textures (n:1)  Landscape interpretation with some flavor structure? (see e.g. Hall, Salem, Watari, 2007) Want ~  C -precision (~12 o ) for  CP ? Want ~  C -precision (~12 o ) for  CP ? (Winter, in preparation) PRELIMINARY (U l ≠ 1)

31. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter31 Distributions in the  13 -  CP -plane delta ~ theta_C necessary! delta ~ theta_C necessary! PRELIMINARY (Winter, in preparation) Clusters contain 50% of all realizations of one texture

32. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter32 Low-energy Lagrangian for lepton masses Charged lepton mass terms Effective neutrino mass terms cf., CC interaction Rotates left-handed fields Block-diag.

33. Sept. 6, 2007US2007 - Walter Winter33