1. The Follow-Up Investigation and Investigative Resources
Chapter 7

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe the use of solvability factors.
Explain the preparation of a case file.
Discuss reinterviewing victims and witnesses.
Describe the purpose and use of NamUs.
Summarize NCIC files and capabilities.
Explain LeadsOnLine.
Identify behaviors in which investigators should not engage with informants.
State the purposes of physical surveillance.
Describe how a photo lineup should be conducted.
Identify three potential indicators of a staged crime.
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3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES continued
Describe the intelligence cycle.
Summarize the use of facial recognition software by law- enforcement agencies.
Identify the ways crime analysts link crimes.
Explain the role of the scientific method in crime scene reconstruction.
Describe the four factors on which criminal profiling focuses.
Summarize geographical profiling.
Provide four examples of remote sensing.
Identify four ways investigators use the internet.
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4. The Decision to Initiate a Follow-up Investigation
When an incident report is referred to the investigation division, it is screened to determine whether a follow-up investigation is warranted.
This determination may be done by judgment or by applying mathematical weights to the presence or absence of certain factors in the incident report, such as:
Is the suspect named?
Can the suspect be identified?
Is there a detailed description of the suspect?
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5. The Follow-up Investigation Process
Prepare a case file
Read the offense report and any supplemental reports
Get criminal histories of named suspects
Obtain credit histories if necessary
Visit the crime scene and review visual documentation
Review other incidental reports
Attempt to link suspects to other crimes by M.O. analysis
Examine physical evidence and lab results
Contact victims and witnesses for interviews
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6. The Follow-up Investigation Process, continued
Assess the credibility of witnesses
Deliver death notices if necessary
Arrange for a drawing/likeness of suspect
Reevaluate the case periodically
Disseminate information about the crime and suspects within the agency
Coordinate with other jurisdictions
Explore lines of inquiry and pursue leads
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7. The Follow-up Investigation Process, continued
Identify and interview known associates of the suspect
Obtain documentary evidence
Conduct a custodial interrogation
Talk to informants as needed
Use specialized investigative procedures
Prepare affidavits, apply for warrants
Identify, locate, and apprehend suspect
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8. The Follow-up Investigation Process, continued
Recover stolen property
Determine if the suspect’s auto or other property is subject to seizure
File supplemental reports
Keep records organized
Keep victim/victim’s family informed
Meet with the prosecuting attorney
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9. Reviewing the Incidental and Supplemental Reports
These reports may answer:
How, when, and where the crime was committed, including a chronological description of the events
The victim’s identity and if appropriate, his/her medical condition and statement
The number of suspects, if any are in custody, whether they are in the jail or a hospital, and their descriptions or identities
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10. Reviewing the Incidental and Supplemental Reports, cont.
Whether composite sketches of suspects at large have been prepared and distributed
The words spoken by suspects during the commission of the crime, spontaneous statements made by them following their arrest, and any post-Miranda statements made by them to the arresting officer
The identities and statements of witnesses and any conditions noted, such any degree of drinking or appearance of having been using drugs
The nature and value of the property stolen
The types of physical evidence seized
Description of any vehicles involved or a copy of an impound report for vehicles seized.
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11. Jail Booking Report Created when a subject is in-processed at a jail
Often computer generated
May have an incident report integrated into it
May have a color photo, fingerprints, and details about suspect’s health and medications and mental state
May have a description of the suspect, including physical details, employment and home addresses, aliases, etc.
May include an inventory of personal effects
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12. Field Interview/Information Reports
A field interview/ information card (FIR) is filled out when patrolling officers identify persons or vehicles that are suspicious to them but are not connected to any particular offense.
(Source: Courtesy Springfield, Missouri, Police Department)
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13. Using Databases International National
Regional Information Sharing Systems (RISS)
State and Local Systems
Nonprofit and Private Sources
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14. Surveillance Purpose of surveillance
Establishing the existence of a crime
Obtaining probable cause for a search warrant application
Apprehending suspects as they commit a crime
Identifying the associates of criminals and the places they frequent
Determining the reliability of informants
Providing protection for undercover officers and informants
Locating people, places, and things
Gathering intelligence about targets and premises prior to serving a warrant
Gathering intelligence on the activities of illegal groups and gangs
Preventing a crime by signaling police awareness of specific subjects
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15. Procedures For Photo And Live Lineups
Include only one suspect in each identification procedure.
Select “fillers” (nonsuspects) who generally match the witness’ description of the perpetrator.
If multiple photos of the suspect are available, use the one made closest to the time when the crime was committed.
Lineups should include a minimum of five fillers.
If there are multiple witnesses, consider placing the suspect in different positions each time a lineup shows to a witness.
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16. Procedures For Lineups continued
If a new suspect is developed, avoid using fillers which have been used in a previous lineup for the same witness
Make sure that no writing or information about the suspect's previous criminal history can be seen by the witness
Before the witness views the lineup, check again to make sure the suspect doesn’t unduly standout
Record the presentation order or the lineup and handle the original photographs as evidence
Write a supplemental report which chronologically describes what happened
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17. Staged Crime Scenes Purpose: to misdirect investigators
Investigation requires:
What act is the staging intended to conceal?
What was the motive?
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18. Fusion Centers
Turning information and intelligence into actionable knowledge
The fundamental process by which homeland security and crime-related information and intelligence are shared
About 70 fusion centers are operational
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19. Intelligence Units Four types: Indicative intelligence
Tactical intelligence
Strategic intelligence
Evidential intelligence
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20. The Intelligence/Analytical Cycle
The intelligence/analytical cycle is a five-step process which is continuous:
Planning and direction
Collection
Processing
Analysis and Production
Dissemination
Reevaluation
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21. Analytical and Investigative Tools
Crime Analysis: the process of using systematic analytical methods to acquire timely and pertinent information on crime patterns and trend correlations.
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22. Analytical and Investigative Tools
There are three general types of crime analysis by which analysts link crimes:
Tactical
Strategic
Administrative
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23. Crime Analysis Commonly used methods to link crimes: Trends Patterns
Series
Sprees
Hot Spots
Crimogens
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24. Crime Scene Differences
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25. Time-Event Chart
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26. Link Analysis
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27. The Internet
Appealing to the public for information about specific crimes, often through “crime-stopper” programs.
Requesting information about missing children and adults.
Posting federal, state, and local most-wanted lists.
Soliciting information about individuals who are wanted as fugitives.
Alerting the public about jail and prison escapees and requesting information if they are sighted.
Requesting information about the identities of unknown subjects (“unsubs”).
Showing photographs of recovered stolen property so that the owners can identify and claim it.
Providing crime-mapping capabilities so that investigators can approach their work with better information and citizens can be informed.
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