1. The Crusades

2. Jerusalem  Jerusalem – one of the five principal sees of the early Christian Church  680 – captured by Muslims  Jews and Christians: “people of the book” Dhimmi restrictions  Importance of Pilgrimages  Jerusalem: site of Jesus’s last days, execution and burial  Source for relic trade

3. Byzantine crisis, 1080s  Loss of Anatolia: breadbasket, population center and major source of revenue for Byzantines  New Emperor, Alexios Komnenos (r. 1081 - 1118), able leader, shrewd politician – looks to reverse losses  Muslim caliphate: Byzantines had an equilibrium, but now destroyed  Slavic nations: enemies more than friends  Pope and Western Christians: troubled relationship  Alexios: dramatic shift – sends delegation to Popes Gregory VII and Urban II for help  Reversal of usual Papal-Imperial relationship from centuries before  Emperor asking Pope for help, despite all of the disagreements Alexios Komnenos

4. Later Crusades: Fourth Crusade, Albigensian Crusade Scene of the crusader sack of Constantinople from a fourteenth-century Venetian chronicle

5. Thesis  “The Crusades” continued for several centuries after the First Crusade was launched; these conflicts differ from other wars primarily by papal involvement at inception, the crusade indulgence and the crusade vow taken by would-be holy warriors.  Later crusades generally have the Holy Land as their strategic target and were fought against Muslims, but none were as militarily successful as the first. Some crusades were fought against the Byzantines (Fourth Crusade), heretics in Europe (Albigensian Crusade), the pope’s political enemies (the “Italian Crusades,” or crusade against Aragon), or even individual families (the crusade against the Colonna family).

6. The Crusader States Outremer: French for “land overseas” Small states in the Near East set up by armies of the First Crusade and reinforced intermittently by later crusaders; eventually all are taken back by Muslims County of Edessa (founded by Baldwin of Boulogne, 1098-1149) Principality of Antioch (Bohemund of Taranto, 1098-1268) Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099 to loss of Jerusalem in 1187; kingdom continues at Acre until 1291; founded by Raymond IV of Toulouse and Godfrey of Bouillon; Godfrey becomes first ruler) County of Tripoli (1102-1289; Raymond IV of Toulouse and his son Bertrand)

7. Pope Innocent III  Lotario dei Segni, Pope from 1198-1216  Regarded as one of the most powerful popes of the Middle Ages  Influential in reformulation of canon law (church law), office of the papacy, canonization of saints, inquisitorial process, and definition/approach to heresy  Refashioned formulation of Crusade to become a weapon of the papacy; oversaw crusades in Middle East, Spain, S. Italy, S. France, Northern Europe

8. "O City, City, eye of all cities, universal boast, supramundane wonder, nurse of churches, leader of the faith, guide of Orthodoxy, beloved topic of orations, the abode of every good thing! Oh City, that hast drunk at the hand of the Lord the cup of his fury! O City, consumed by fire...” – Niketas Choniates (Harry J. Magoulias, trans.) The Fourth Crusade (1202-4)

9. The Albigensian Crusade (1209-29) 1208: Innocent III sends papal legate Pierre de Castelnou to excommunicate Count Raymond VI of Toulouse for harboring heretics; Pierre dies under suspicious circumstances Innocent declares crusade against heretics of Languedoc and the nobles who protected them; immediately dispossesses southern nobility (Counts of Toulouse and Trencavel families) and invites northern French crusaders to seize lands Violence and brutality at battles of Carcassone (1209), Beziers (1209), Muret (1213) Treaty in 1229, but fighting continues until 1240s William of Tudela: records account from perspective of Counts of Toulouse Scene of Crusaders attacking Cathars from a fourteenth-century manuscript

10. Knights Hospitaller : Knights of the Hospital of St. John (1099, to protect pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem) Knights Templar : Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (endorsed in 1129, but suppressed 1307-1312) Iberian orders :Order of Calatrava, Order of Santiago Baltic orders : Teutonic Knights, Brothers of the Sword The Military Orders Krak des Chevaliers, Syria Hospitaller Castle, 1142-1271

11. Next Class  Life of the Nobility  Read Marie de France, Eliduc  Think about the different ways this source might help us understand the medieval nobility: Come to class with prepared with one interpretive question for discussion on Thursday.