1. AP EURO Unit #1 – Renaissance and Reformation Lesson #6 German Reformation (Early Reformation)

2. Essential Questions 1.Why did Luther challenge the Church? 2.What changes did Luther suggest? 3.What level of success did Luther have?

3. 1.Europeans remained religious and pious 2.Many started questioning the Church leadership ANTI-CLERICALISM PLURALISM ABSENTEEISM clerical immorality and ignorance 3.Some called for a reform of the Church doctrine The Church (1500s)

4. Clerical Immorality Bishops were way too involved with politics Priests were drunkards, womanizers, gamblers and solicited prostitutes Paid no taxes Paid no duties for land Some were illiterate in Latin PLURALISM – holding (paid for) two jobs ABSENTEEISM – paid, but not there SIMONY – collecting for false relics

5. Questions to Ponder What should the Church do? What sort of leader could make the change? How did Luther fit in?

6. 1.Started as a law student – caught in a storm 2.Swore his life to service to God – a Monk 3.Read the Bible and Church teachings 4.Studied – got a Doctorate in Scholasticism and Divinity 5.Discovered inconsistencies 6.Was unable to find the immoral/uneducated Church leaders to be of any help 7.Finally, found Bible verses that taught him to surrender directly to God – not to an immoral Church leader Martin Luther Click - basics

7. Reaction: Some called for change Some called for a major overhaul Some called for a new type of Christianity based on NOT following the corrupt leadership Gave birth to the PROTESTANT movement Started the REFORMation era

8. Justification by Faith Alone Luther found that writings outside scripture were contradictory He found scripture taught that you are “saved” by simply choosing to believe that Jesus died to take your sin for you He said you needed nothing more to be “saved” He called that JUSTIFICATION BY FAITH ALONE Became and instructor and preacher Click – teaching

9. Ninety Five Theses Pope encouraged more selling of indulgences Johanne Tetzel – expert Luther wrote to Albert of Mainz (1517) Indulgences undermined the seriousness of penance and piety Oct (1517) – lore – Door of Wittenberg Cathedral Click

10. Location and Technology Era of Printing Press Luther became and overnight sensation Debated with Dr. Johanne Eck (1519) Charles V had (Charles I of Spain) had just become HRE Electors resented his power Electors saw Luther as their key to challenging authority

11. Diet of Worms Young (new) Charles V – schemed to shut up Luther Frederick of Saxony swore to protect Luther Luther wrote books on new ideas – Disputed Papal Infallibility – Clergy not having special powers – Clergy need not be celibate Summoned to Worms to recant “I cannot and will not recant. Here I stand. I can do no other” Click – Diet of Worms

12. 1.Edict of Worms – capture Luther 2.The “church” is now… Priesthood of all believers 3.CONSTUBSTANCIATION 4.ANABAPTISM ( a fringe idea) 5.Free Will (Calvinism) Protestant Thought

13. 1.Appeals to Humanists 2.Appeals to politicians 3.FREDERICK OF SAXONY 4.Appeals to rebels - Peasants Rebellion The Appeal of Protestant Ideas Click - Luther rap

14. Slow Break 1517 – Ninety Five Theses 1519 – Public debate with John Eck 1520 – faith alone, priesthood of all believers Luther’s teachings are banned 1521 - Diet of Worms Frederick the Wise (Elector of Saxony) – captured Luther Luther translates the Bible into “vernacular” 1522 – 1523 – Knight’s War (anti-Catholic poor barons) – look this one up… 1524 – 1525 – Peasant’s Rebellion (significance!) 1526 – 2 nd Diet of Speyer “Protestantism” – look this up to see significance 1531 – Schmalkalden League & wars with Habsburgs 1555 – Peace of Augsburg –

15. Why was Luther successful? Preoccupation of Charles V with foreign wars Support of folks like Frederick of Saxony Perceived corruption in the Church Influence of the Fuggers Distant and “cold” relationship of common man and Church Disgust with the Church officials and laws Impact of new technology, and of new ideas Impact of previous new ideas

16. Why Was Luther Successful? Political/Military German Princes (Frederick of Saxony) Anti-Italian feelings (invasion of Italy) Wars of Charles V Schmalkalden League Economic/Social church land & Church taxes peasant unrest indulgences Cultural/Intellectual printing press use of vernacular Church scandals Christian Humanists Luther the man: courage & conviction