2. Five Mechanisms of Microevolution 1. Genetic drift: Change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance. Two examples:Two examples: a. Bottleneck effect b. Founder effect

3. a. Bottleneck Effect Genetic drift disasterreduces population sizeGenetic drift (reduction of alleles in a population) resulting from a disaster that drastically reduces population size. Examples:Examples: 1.Earthquakes 2.Volcano’s

4. b. Founder Effect Genetic driftcolonizationGenetic drift resulting from the colonization of a new location by a small number of individuals. random changeResults in random change of the gene pool. Example:Example: 1.Islands (first Darwin finch)

5. Five Mechanisms of Microevolution 2. Gene Flow: Tgain or loss of alleles movement The gain or loss of alleles from a population by the movement of individuals or gametes. Immigration or emigrationImmigration or emigration.

6. Five Mechanisms of Microevolution 3. Mutation: Change in an organism’s DNA that creates a new allele. 4. Non-random mating: The selection of mates other than by chance. 5. Natural selection: Differential reproduction.

7. Modes of Action Natural selectionthree modesNatural selection has three modes of action: 1.Stabilizing selection 2.Directional selection 3.Diversifying selection Number of Individuals Size of individuals Small Large

8. 1.Stabilizing Selection Actsextremesfavors intermediateActs upon extremes and favors the intermediate. Number of Individuals Size of individuals Small Large

9. 2.Directional Selection Favorsone extremeFavors variants of one extreme. Number of Individuals Size of individuals Small Large

10. 3.Diversifying Selection Favorsopposite extremesFavors variants of opposite extremes. Number of Individuals Size of individuals Small Large

11. Species populationsindividuals interbreed viableA group of populations whose individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce viable offspring.

12. Speciation evolutionThe evolution of new species.

13. Reproductive Barriers mechanismimpedes fertile and/or viable hybrid offspringAny mechanism that impedes two species from producing fertile and/or viable hybrid offspring. Two barriers:Two barriers: 1.Pre-zygotic barriers 2.Post-zygotic barriers

14. 1.Pre-zygotic Barriers a. Temporal isolation: Breeding occurs at different times for different species. b. Habitat isolation: Species breed in different habitats. c. Behavioral isolation: Little or no sexual attraction between species.

15. 1.Pre-zygotic Barriers d. Mechanical isolation: Structural differences prevent gamete exchange. e. Gametic isolation: Gametes die before uniting with gametes of other species, or gametes fail to unite.

16. 2.Post-zygotic Barriers a. Hybrid inviability: Hybrid zygotes fail to develop or fail to reach sexual maturity. b. Hybrid sterility: Hybrid fails to produce functional gametes. c. Hybrid breakdown: Offspring of hybrids are weak or infertile.

17. Allopatric Speciation ancestral separatedgeographical barrier.Induced when the ancestral population becomes separated by a geographical barrier. Example:Example: Grand Canyon and ground squirrels

18. Adaptive Radiation Emergence of numerous species common ancestorEmergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced to new and diverse environments. Usually happens on islands (Galapagos and Hawaiian) Example:Example: Darwin’s Finches

19. Sympatric Speciation reproductively isolated sub- populationResult of a radical change in the genome that produces a reproductively isolated sub- population within the parent population (rare). Example: Plant evolution - polyploidExample: Plant evolution - polyploid chromosome # A species doubles it’s chromosome # to become tetraploid. reproductive sub-population Parent population

20. Two types of sympatric speciation: a. autopolyploidy – when the new set of chromosomes belongs to a single species b. allopolyploidy – when the new set of chromosome comes from another species Polyploidy is much more common in plants than animals. Ex. Oats, cotton, potatoes, tobacco and wheat (is allohexaploid)

21. Interpretations of Speciation Two theories:Two theories: 1.Gradualist Model (Neo-Darwinian): Slow changes in species overtime. 2.Punctuated Equilibrium: Evolution occurs in spurts of relatively rapid change.

22. Convergent Evolution Speciesevolutionary branches very similar environments.Species from different evolutionary branches may come to resemble one another if they live in very similar environments. Example:Example: 1.Ostrich (Africa) and Emu (Australia). 2.Sidewinder (Mojave Desert) and Horned Viper (Middle East Desert)

23. Coevolution Evolutionary change selective forcesecond firstEvolutionary change, in which one species act as a selective force on a second species, inducing adaptations that in turn act as selective force on the first species. Example:Example: 1.Acacia ants and acacia trees 2.Humming birds and plants with flowers with long tubes

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