1. Chapter 12 Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in the Labor Market

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 12-2 TABLE 12.1 Shares of the Civilian Labor Force for Major Demographic Groups: 1982, 1992, 2002, 2012

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 12-3 FIGURE 12.1 Mean Earnings as a Percentage of White Male Earnings, Various Demographic Groups, Full Time Workers over 24 Years Old, 2003

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 12-4 TABLE 12.2 Female Earnings as a Percentage of Male Earnings, by Age and Education, Full-Time Workers, 2003

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 12-5 TABLE 12.3 Female/Male Earnings Ratios and Percentages of Female Jobholders, Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Selected High- and Low-Paying Occupations, 2003

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 12-6 TABLE 12.4 Employment Ratios, Labor Force Participation Rates, and Unemployment Rates, by Race and Gender, a 1970–2003

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 12-7 TABLE 12.5 Male Earnings Differences, by Ancestry, 1990

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 12-8 FIGURE 12.2 Equilibrium Employment of Women or Minorities in Firms That Discriminate

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 12-9 FIGURE 12.3 Market Demand for Women or Minorities as a Function of Relative Wages

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 12-10 FIGURE 12.4 Effects on Relative Wages of an Increased Number of Nondiscriminatory Employers

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 12-11 FIGURE 12.5 Effects on Relative Wages of a Decline in the Discriminatory Preferences of Employers

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 12-12 FIGURE 12.6 The Screening Problem

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 12-13 FIGURE 12.7 Labor Market Crowding

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 12-14 FIGURE 12.8 Search-Related Monopsony and Wage Discrimination

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 12-15 TABLE 12.6 Change in the Racial Composition of a 1,600-Person Job Group with Nondiscriminatory Hiring from a Pool That Is 12% Black (20% yearly turnover rate)

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 12-16 FIGURE 12A.1 Estimated Male Comparable-Worth Salary Equation

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 12-17 FIGURE 12A.2 Using the Estimated Male Comparable-Worth Salary Equation to Estimate the Extent of Underpayment in Female Jobs