1. Biochemistry

2. I. Water A. Uneven charge on molecule makes it polar. 1. Good solvent- Breaks up ionic compounds. 2. Dissolves other polar molecules. B. Polarity creates Hydrogen bonds. C. Hydrogen bonds create cohesion, adhesion, and capillarity

3. I. Water D. Cohesion accounts for slow heating and cooling of water.(Important in cells!) E. Adhesion to solid surfaces creates capillarity. F. Water is most dense at 4 o C= ice floats Ice Water

4. II. Carbon Compounds A. Inorganic compounds contain no carbon B. Organic compounds contain carbon bonded to other elements C. Carbon is Basis of Life 1. Four electrons in outer shell. 2. Carbon bonds easily with carbon. 3. Carbon bonds easily with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and functional groups

5. III. Polymers A. Compounds made of repeating linked units B. Covalent monomers link C. Condensation reaction a. Dehydration reaction b. Form a water molecule D. Hydrolysis: bonds between monomers are broken by adding water (digestion)

6. IV. Molecules of Life A. Four main compounds essential for life 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids B. All contain C, O, and H, but in different ratios

7. V. Carbohydrates A. Monosaccharides 1. CH 2 O formula 2. Simple single sugars 3. Used for cellular respiration

8. V. Carbohydrates 4. Monosaccharride Examples: a) Glucose 1) Made by plants during photosynthesis 2) Main source of energy for plants and animals 3) Metabolized during cellular respiration. b) Fructose 1) Found in fruit. 2)Sweetest sugar. c) Galactose- Found in milk.

9. V. Carbohydrates B. Disaccharides 1. covalent bond between 2 monosaccharides 2. bond by dehydration reaction 3. Examples: a) Sucrose 1) table sugar 2) beets and cane b) Lactose- found in milk

10. V. Carbohydrates C. Polysaccharides 1. Three or more monosaccarides 2. Storage: a) Glycogen- The way animals store glucose. b)Starch- The way plants store glucose. 3. Structural: a)Cellulose- most abundant organic compound, cell walls of plants b)Chitin- exoskeletons; cell walls of fungi; surgical thread