1. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 011 MET 60 Fall, 2009

2. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 012 Welcome Back Party! This Thursday 2-4 in here snacks, drinks, prizes

3. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 013 Flow of classes in MET major… Freshman year: MET 10 –Qualitative survey (no math)

4. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 014 Flow of classes in MET major… Freshman year: MET 10 –Qualitative survey (no math) Sophomore year: MET 60,61 –Quantitative survey (with math)

5. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 015 Flow of classes in MET major… Freshman year: MET 10 –Qualitative survey (no math) Sophomore year: MET 60,61 –Quantitative survey (with math) Junior year: MET 121A,B (dynamics), 124 –Fluid dynamics (lots of math) –Physical Met (math & physics)

6. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 016 Flow of classes in MET major… Freshman year: MET 10 –Qualitative survey (no math) Sophomore year: MET 60,61 –Quantitative survey (with math) Junior year: MET 121A,B (dynamics), 124 –Fluid dynamics (lots of math) –Physical Met (math & physics) Senior year: MET 171A,B (synoptics) –Uses MET 121A,B etc. (no so mathy)

7. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 017 Goals of MET 60, 61… 1)Survey the material  More depth than in MET 10  Less depth than in MET 121,124 etc. 2)Show you that an understanding of the atmosphere is gained by using principals of physics, as well as math skills.  Often also need computing skills  Analysis of vast amounts of data  Computer simulation of atmospheric phenomena

8. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 018 Review/overview Atmospheric Science (Meteorology) – the study of atmospheres, their structure, behavior and evolution. Also the study of atmospheric phenomena – their structures and behavior. Mid-latitude storms, El Niño, Santa Ana wind, thunderstorms, climate change etc. A young science – still dynamic and growing!

9. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 019 Review/overview Read Chapter 1 before Thursday class –Thursday’s class this week is at 9am. Read Chapter 2 before next Tuesday class Everything in Cht. 1 will be “developed” in the rest of the book! Let’s use the figures to guide us through…

10. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0110 Forecasting (1.1): Skill much improved since 1980 – why? Better observing, especially via satellites which can measure: –Visible (clouds/no clouds) –IR (cloud top temperature)  cloud top height cloud depth Cloud type Better understanding of physical processes Improved modeling capabilities

11. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0111 Ozone Hole (1.2): Ozone Layer in lower stratosphere (Fig. 1.9) – a thin shell of enhanced O3 concentrations The Ozone “hole” refers to decreased concentrations in this shell. Due to man-made substances (e.g., CFCs) + natural physical processes (p.191)

12. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0112 Greenhouse gases (1.3): Shows without a doubt that greenhouse gases levels are rising (Co2, CH4 etc.) Radiative heating theory suggests this should lead to global warming (Cht. 4). Sophisticated models also all suggest global warming (Cht. 10).

13. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0113 Geometry (1.4): Assume earth is a pure sphere (it isn’t). Be familiar with these symbols: Longitude  Latitude rRadial distance out from center of earth ReRe Radius of earth (we also use the symbol “a”). NOTE: r = R e + z, z = altitude above surface. Mostly, r  R e xDistance increasing EAST yDistance increasing NORTH zDistance increasing UP

14. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0114 uEast-west wind. u = dx/dt and u > 0 for EASTWARD (westerly) motions. vNorth-south wind. v = dy/dt and u > 0 for NORTHWARD (southerly) motions. wVertical wind. w = dz/dt and w > 0 for UPWARD motions. tTime! Geometry continued :

15. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0115 Geometry continued: The quantity is a derivative. It represents a gradient – how much “T” changes as “x” changes. If T varies in response to variations in x,y,z, and t (time), then the derivative means “how much “T” changes as “x” changes, while “y”, “z”, and “t” are not changing”.

16. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0116 Geometry continued: Remember the relationship :

17. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0117 The atmosphere is thin! (1.5): Earth radius R e = 6371 km Circumference is 2  R e = ___________ Depth of the troposphere is roughly 10 km. Deeper in tropics (warmer!) – shallower near poles (colder!)

18. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0118 Clouds are pretty! (1.7): Solid layer near coast. Broken up further offshore.

19. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0119 Density falls off exponentially with height (1.8): The atmosphere is compressible – you can squish it! It is denser at lower levels – less dense as we rise up. Likewise the air pressure gets lower as we rise up. Globally-averaged sea-level air pressure is _____________ mb Or _____________ hPa.

20. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0120 Density/pressure… Recall from physics: pressure = force per unit area  p = F / A And: force = mass x acceleration  F = mg, since g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s 2 ) Putting together: p = mg / A So air pressure is the weight (“mg”) of air above you.

21. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0121 Density/pressure… Air pressure is the weight of air above you. As you go up, there is less air above you  air pressure must decrease as you go up. How rapidly? To good approximation: where p(z) is the air pressure at altitude z meters above sea level (ASL), and p o is the air pressure at sea level (1000 mb), and H is called the scale height – the depth over which pressure decreases by a factor of “e” (i.e., about 2.73). In the troposphere, H  8 km.

22. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0122 Layers of the atmosphere (1.9): Layers are based on temperatures and lapse rates. Average tropospheric lapse rate is… 6.5  C/km (meaning it cools by 6.5  C every one km up you go).

23. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0123 Layers of the atmosphere Troposphere All our weather All our clouds (but…noctilucent clouds) The jet stream (but…) Air-sea interaction Most of the water (vapor, liquid, solid) Temperatures generally decrease with height Except in an inversion – common in the Bay Area!

24. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0124 Layers of the atmosphere Stratosphere Temperature stops dropping with height Temperature starts increasing with height! Where is the heat source????????? Ozone!!!!!!!!!!!! The ozone layer is in the stratosphere (around 25 km). Tropopause Boundary between troposphere & stratosphere. Acts as a (leaky) lid to the troposphere (Fig. 1.10).

25. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0125 Global winds and temperatures (1.11): Note where it’s cold and warm: Winter pole in trop & strat Summer pole at mesopause! Equatorial tropopause! Warm at summer stratopause. Complicated! Strong west  east jet in winter stratosphere. Weaker east  west jet in summer stratosphere. Westerly jets in troposphere

26. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0126 Winds: Storms of many scales embedded in the flow. Largest storms are synoptic-scale waves. Warm and cold fronts. Mid-latitude cyclones (Fig. 1.12). Arise due to an instability in the flow – baroclinic instability. Next: tropical cyclones = hurricanes (Fig. 1.13). Gain energy from the warm ocean.

27. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0127 Winds: Winds blow whenever there are pressure gradients. We show pressures on weather maps via isobars = lines of constant pressure. Strong pressure gradient  strong winds (isobars close together). Winds away from the surface blow roughly parallel to isobars - except near the equator. Winds near the surface blow inward towards lower pressure. Northern hemisphere (NH) winds blow counterclockwise around a “L” – and vice versa around a “H”.

28. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0128 Global winds (1.15): Imagine an “aquaplanet” – water-covered, no mountains. Due to rotation and the sun’s heating, we would get: –Equatorial “L” –Sub-tropical “H” –Mid-latitude “L” –Polar “H” And… –Trade winds –Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ…cloud band) –Mid-latitude westerlies –Polar easterlies

29. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0129 Global winds (1.15): One impact of land masses is to break zones into cells. Example: summer “H” cells over oceans (e.g., Pacific High). Example: winter “L” cells over oceans (e.g., Icelandic Low, Aleutian Low). Observed winds (1.18 from satellites, 1.19 from “models”):

30. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0130 Smaller-scale winds (1.15): Ahrens’ figure 7.2 Motions all the way down to turbulence – Fig 1.23

31. 8/23/09MET 60 topic 0131 Precipitation (1.25, 1.26): Consider the relationship between rainy areas and surface air motions. Consider the relationship between dry areas and surface air motions.