1. THE NIXON ADMINISTRATION
CHAPTER 32, SECTION 1

2. IMPORTANT TERMS RICHARD M. NIXON NEW FEDERALISM REVENUE SHARING
FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN
SOUTHERN STRATEGY
STAGFLATION
O.P.E.C.
REALPOLITIK
DÉTENTE
S.A.L.T. I TREATY

3. IMPORTANT DATES 1968: NIXON ELECTED PRESIDENT 1969:
FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN (FAP) FAILS IN CONGRESS
JULY: APOLLO 11 MOON LANDING
1971: SWANN v. CHARLOTTE BOARD OF EDUCATION
1972:
NIXON VISITS CHINA
NIXON & SOVIETS SIGN SALT I TREATY
1973: YOM KIPPUR WAR
: OPEC OIL EMBARGO

4. NIXON ENTERS THE PRESIDENCY
WHEN? 1968
WHY?
LBJ HAD WITHDRAWN
VIETNAM
FAILURE OF THE GREAT SOCIETY
DISCONTENT W/ DEMOCRATS
GOALS:
DECREASE THE SIZE & INFLUENCE OF THE FEDERAL GOV’T.
VIETNAMIZATION
IMPROVE THE U.S. ECONOMY
IMPROVE RELATIONS W/THE COMMUNIST WORLD

5. RICHARD M. NIXON

6. CHANGING THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
DEMOCRATS: TRADITIONALLY BELIEVED IN “BIG” GOV’T (DEFINE)
REPUBLICANS: TRADITIONALLY BELIEVED IN LIMITED, OR “SMALL” GOV’T.
NIXON:
WANTED TO REDUCE THE “SIZE” OF GOV’T.
ALSO WANTED TO HELP IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF DAILY LIFE
HOW?
NEW FEDERALISM (DEFINE / EFFECT)
Ex: REVENUE SHARING (DEFINE / EFFECT)
WELFARE REFORM (DEFINE)
Ex: FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN (FAP) (DEFINE)
PROBLEM: FAP FAILS TO PASS CONGRESS
OTHER PROBLEMS: U.S. GOV’T. DIVIDED BY POLITICAL PARTIES
EXECUTIVE: REPUBLICAN
CONGRESS: DEMOCRAT
SO WHAT?

7. POSITIVE CHANGES
NIXON’S EFFORTS TO IMPROVE DAILY LIFE FOR AMERICANS DID HAVE SOME SUCCESSES:
SOCIAL SECURITY INCREASED
MEDICARE / MEDICAID PAYMENTS MORE EASILY AVAILABLE
FOOD STAMPS MADE MORE ACCESSIBLE
SUBSIDIZED HOUSING FOR MIDDLE & LOWER INCOME FAMILIES
U.S. JOB CORPS PROGRAMS EXPANDED

8. VIETNAMIZATION DEFINE WHY? HOW? WHEN? 1968-72
BEGIN PEACE TALKS W/ NORTH VIETNAMESE (PARIS)
GRADUAL TROOP REDUCTIONS & WITHDRAWALS FROM V-NAM
LEAVE U.S. MILITARY ADVISORS TO HELP TRANSITION
CONTINUE U.S. SUPPLIES TO ARVN & S. V-NAM
WHEN?
RESULT? 1973: LAST U.S. COMBAT TROOPS LEAVE V-NAM

9. REALPOLITIK DEFINE: WHO? HENRY KISSINGER, NIXON’S N.S.A.
DEALING W/OTHER NATIONS IN A PRACTICAL & FELXIBLE WAY
MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR:
HOW POWERFUL WAS/IS A NATION?
IF WEAK, IGNORE IT.
IF POWERFUL, CONFRONT IT
CONFRONTATION COULD MEAN NEGOTIATION AND/OR MILITARY ENGAGEMENT
EX.:
COMMUNIST CHINA EXISTS, SO RECOGNIZE THEM AND NEGOTIATE WITH THEM
USSR WAS A WORLD NUCLEAR POWER, SO NEGOTIATE W/THEM
WHO? HENRY KISSINGER, NIXON’S N.S.A.
RESULT? DÉTENTE
DEFINE: POLICY AIMED AT EASING COLD WAR TENSIONS

10. NIXON & HENRY KISSINGER

11. RELATIONS WITH THE COMMUNIST WORLD
NIXON VIEWED USSR AS THE GREATER THREAT TO THE U.S. THAN RED CHINA
NIXON WANTED TO CREATE A SPLIT IN THE COMMUNIST WORLD
HOW?
VIETNAMIZATION
IMPROVE RELATIONS W/RED CHINA
WHY?
IF HE COULD IMPROVE U.S.-CHINA RELATIONS, IT WOULD CONCERN USSR
AND…FORCE THEM TO SIGN AMRS TREATIES W/THE U.S.
DID WHAT?
1972:
NIXON VISITS CHINA
U.S. FORMALLY RECOGNIZES COMMUNIST CHINESE GOV’T.
NIXON VISITS USSR
S.A.L.T. I TREATY SIGNED
SO WHAT?
NIXON HAS WIDENED SPLIT BETWEEN USSR & CHINA
DOMINO THEORY IS OVER
CONTAINMENT POLICY IS DONE

12. NIXON VISITS CHINA, 1972

13. NIXON & MAO ZEDONG

14. OTHER FOREIGN AFFAIRS OIL DEPENDENCY: PROBLEM: 1973, YOM KIPPUR WAR
LATE 60’s / EARLY 70’s: U.S. RELIES HEAVILY ON IMPORTED OIL FOR ENERGY NEEDS
WHERE? MIDDLE EAST
WHO? O.P.E.C. NATIONS
EXAMPLES?
SAUDI ARABIA
IRAN
IRAQ
PROBLEM: 1973, YOM KIPPUR WAR
WHO? ISRAEL v. EGYPT / SYRIA
WHAT HAPPENS?
U.S. SENDS AID TO ISRAEL
ISRAEL WINS
OPEC NATIONS FURIOUS W/ U.S.
OIL EMBARGO BEGINS ; OIL SHORTAGES ACROSS U.S.
U.S. HAS TO CONSIDER ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES MORE SERIOUSLY

15. ISRAEL & THE
MIDDLE EAST, 1973

16. THE
YOM KIPPUR
WAR, 1973

17. Egyptian Troop Crossing, Suez Canal

18. Israeli Tank Convoy, Golan Heights

19. Golan Heights, 1973

20. Generals Ariel Sharon & Moshe Dayan

21. O.P.E.C. NATIONS

22. OPEC NATIONS

24. NIXON’S POLITICAL STYLE
VERY CONSERVATIVE
BELIEVED IN “LAW AND ORDER” POLITICS
COMMITTED TO ENDING SOCIAL DISRUPTION OF THE LATE 60’s
HOW?
USED FULL RESOURCES OF EXECUTIVE BRANCH
SOMETIMES THIS WAS DONE ILLEGALLY
EXAMPLES?
WIRETAPPING LEFT-WING PEOPLE / GROUPS
USED GOV’T. INFORMERS / “MOLES” INSIDE LEFT-WING ORGANIZATIONS
CIA CREATES FILES ON GOV’T. OPPONENTS
ADMINISTRATION CREATES “ENEMIES LIST”
“ANYONE WHO OPPOSES US, WE’LL DESTROY”
-Nixon White House Aid
PROBLEM?

25. 1972: RE-ELECTION CAMPAIGN SOUTHERNERS UNHAPPY WITH DEMOCRATIC PARTY
WHY? GROWING LIBERALISM W/IN PARTY
NIXON WANTS TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THIS
BEGINS “SOUTHERN STRATEGY”
DEFINE:
ATTEMPT TO SLOW NATION’S DESEGREGATION EFFORTS
EX.:
ORDERED DELAYED SCHOOL INTEGRATION IN MS., SC.
OPPOSED EXTENSION OF VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF ’65
OPPOSED SUPREME COURT DECISION IN SWANN V. CHARLOTTE-MECKLENBURG BD. OF EDUCATION
WHY? OPPOSED SCHOOL BUSING
SUPREME COURT: NIXON MAKES IT MORE CONSERVATIVE
HOW? APPOINTS CONSERVATIVE JUDGES
EXAMPLES?
WARREN BURGER, CHIEF JUSTICE
WILLIAM REHNQUIST