1. INVESTIGATION AND MODELING OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS AND SILICATE MATERIALS László A. GÖMZE University of Miskolc, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference

2. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu STATE OF AFFAIRS 1. Rheology, rheological model and rheo-mechanical equation of different raw, semi-finished and finished materials are the fundamental questions in understanding crushing, mixing, forming and sintering processes and equipment both in technical ceramic and building materials industry. L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu

3. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu STATE OF AFFAIRS 2. Describe the rheological properties and build-up adequate rheological model and mechanical (mathematical) equation of ceramics and other silicate materials we can only after understanding the morphology, micro- and nano-structure of these materials.

4. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu The Aims and Goals Give a historical overview about interpretation of rheology in ceramic and silicate industry Give a historical overview about interpretation of rheology in ceramic and silicate industry Show the relationship between microstructure and rheological properties of ceramics and other silicate materials Show the relationship between microstructure and rheological properties of ceramics and other silicate materials Show the rheological models developed/applied by author for ceramics and other silicate materials Show the rheological models developed/applied by author for ceramics and other silicate materials

5. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu The used System of Notation  r - actual elastic deformation  r - actual elastic deformation  m – viscous deformation (residual)  m – viscous deformation (residual)  k – delayed elastic deformation  k – delayed elastic deformation  pl – plasticy-viscous deformation  pl – plasticy-viscous deformation E 1 – Hookean dynamic modulus E 1 – Hookean dynamic modulus E 2 – elasticity modulus of Voigt-Kelvin body E 2 – elasticity modulus of Voigt-Kelvin body  n – viscosity of the Newton’s element  n – viscosity of the Newton’s element  m – viscosity of the Maxwell elements  m – viscosity of the Maxwell elements  1 – viscosity of the plastic-viscous body  1 – viscosity of the plastic-viscous body  2 – viscosity of the Voigt-Kelvin body  2 – viscosity of the Voigt-Kelvin body  0 – static yielo-point of the plastic-viscous body  0 – static yielo-point of the plastic-viscous body F – mechanical force acting on material F – mechanical force acting on material t fr – Time interval of relaxation of mechanical stress in material structure/system of asphalt mixtures t fr – Time interval of relaxation of mechanical stress in material structure/system of asphalt mixtures t r – Time of delay of elastic deformation in the material structure/system of asphalt mixtures t r – Time of delay of elastic deformation in the material structure/system of asphalt mixtures

6. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Rheological Models of Ceramic Raw Materials and Fired Ceramic Grains and Granules Kirpiczhev-Kick(1885) Rebinder- Pavluskin (1937-1963) Pavlushkin- Niczhiporenkó (1963-1968)

7. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Rheological Models of Glasses as Function of Cooling Temperature Rebinder (1937) Pavluskin (1963) Szalkay F. (1952) (1952) Rebinder – Szalkay - Pavluskin (1937 – 1952 - 1963) Szalkay F. (1952) (1952)

8. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Rheological Models of Clay Minerals for Brick Industry Gömze – Turenko - Nazarov (Építőanyag, 1974)

9. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Rheological Models of Reinforced Concretes and Fibre Reinforced Cements Gömze A. László (Építőanyag, 1983) (Építőanyag, 1983)

10. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu Combined Reo-tribometre Instrument 1.table; 2. worm-gear; 3. electromotor; 4. cable-drum; 5. cable-way or ropeway; 6. Moveable car with shearing plate; 7. inductive measurer of moving; 8. force measurer; 9. heatable specimen-fixture; 10. pneumatic cylinder; 11. magnetic valve; 12. measurer of pressure; 13. compressor; 14. thermostat; 15. control panel; 16. spider; 17. computer

11. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu Photo of Combined Reo-tribometre Instrument

12. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu Typical Shearing-force - Deformation/displacement Diagrams, Measured on Marshall-Probes

13. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu Some Results of Shearing Tests  Effective viscosity of asphalt mixtures can be determined as:  e =  (H/v); [MPa s] T [°C] F max [N]  max [MPa]  e [MPa s] F dny [N]  dny [Mpa]  d [MPa s] 1009740,11920,2163480,04260,0232 1109520,11650,1982940,03590,0191 1208450,10340,1362840,03480,0128 1308100,09910,1192620,03210,0074 1407750,09450,1062170,02650,0053

14. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu Relaxation Test of Asphalt Mixtures on Combined Reotribometre F 1 =var – shearing force [N] F 1 =var – shearing force [N] P ny =F 2 /A=var – pressure stress in body [MPa] P ny =F 2 /A=var – pressure stress in body [MPa] A=const. – working surface of Marshall-probe; [mm2] A=const. – working surface of Marshall-probe; [mm2] Q=var – Materials in asphalt mixture Q=var – Materials in asphalt mixture T=const – temperature of asphalt mixture [°C] T=const – temperature of asphalt mixture [°C]

15. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu Tipical Specific Deformation-Time Functions of Asphalt Mixtures

16. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu Rheological Model of Asphalt Mixtures with Bitumen Binders E 1 – Hookean dynamic modulus E 1 – Hookean dynamic modulus E 2 – Elasticity modulus of Voigt- Kelvin body E 2 – Elasticity modulus of Voigt- Kelvin body  0 – Static yield point of the visco- plastic body  0 – Static yield point of the visco- plastic body  1 – Viscosity of the plastic-viscose body  1 – Viscosity of the plastic-viscose body  2 – Viscosity of the Voigt-Kelvin’s body  2 – Viscosity of the Voigt-Kelvin’s body  r - actual elastic deformation  r - actual elastic deformation  pl – plasticy-viscous deformation  pl – plasticy-viscous deformation  k – delayed elastic deformation  k – delayed elastic deformation

17. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu Reological material equation - First derive of specific deformation by time; - First derive of specific deformation by time; - Second derive of specific deformation by time; - Second derive of specific deformation by time;  0 – Static yield-point of the material structure/system ; [MPa]  0 – Static yield-point of the material structure/system ; [MPa] t r – Time of delay of elastic deformation in the material structure/system of asphalt mixtures; [s] t r – Time of delay of elastic deformation in the material structure/system of asphalt mixtures; [s] t fr – Time interval of relaxation of mechanical stress in material structure/system of asphalt mixtures; [s] t fr – Time interval of relaxation of mechanical stress in material structure/system of asphalt mixtures; [s]

18. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu Effective Viscosity of Shattered and non-shattered material Structures - First derive of specific deformation by time; - First derive of specific deformation by time; - Second derive of specific deformation by time; - Second derive of specific deformation by time;  0 – Static yield-point of the material structure/system ; [MPa]  0 – Static yield-point of the material structure/system ; [MPa] t r – Time of delay of elastic deformation in the material structure/system of asphalt mixtures; [s] t r – Time of delay of elastic deformation in the material structure/system of asphalt mixtures; [s] t fr – Time interval of relaxation of mechanical stress in material structure/system of asphalt mixtures; [s] t fr – Time interval of relaxation of mechanical stress in material structure/system of asphalt mixtures; [s]

19. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu Effective Viscosity as Function of Shearing Stress

20. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu Static Yield-point of Asphalt Mixture  Up to 75 N-there is no deformation  = 0,009178 [MPa]  Between 75 N-95 N there is an elastic deformation there is an elastic deformation  Over 95 N- there is a residual deformation in the examined asphalt mixture  = 0,010402 [MPa]

21. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu Conclusion  Using the new reo-tribometre we could develop a new reological model for asphalt mixtures and determine the values of their mechanical and reological characteristics and coefficients like E, , ...  The new reological model can be used by the engineers of road-building industry in wide range in development of asphalt mixtures with different microstructural and mechanical, reological properties.

22. 8th Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Conference Sf. Gheorghe, April 6-9, 2006 L. A. Gömze, Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hufemgomze@uni-miskolc.hu, Tel: +36-30-7462714 femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu MANY THANKS FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION László A. Gömze Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering (University of Miskolc) femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu Tel: +36-30-7462714 - Fax: +36-46-565103