1. 5 Chapter Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Fifth Edition Slides by Matthew Will McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Valuing Bonds

2. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 2 Topics Covered  Bond Characteristics  reading the financial pages  Interest Rates and Bond Prices  Current Yield and Yield to Maturity  Bond Rates and Returns  The Yield Curve  Corporate Bonds and the Risk of Default

3. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 3 Bonds Terminology  Bond - Security that obligates the issuer to make specified payments to the bondholder.  Coupon - The interest payments made to the bondholder.  Face Value (Par Value or Principal Value) - Payment at the maturity of the bond.  Coupon Rate - Annual interest payment, as a percentage of face value.  At the limit value of the bond is equal to the recovery value in the state of bankruptcy. Recovery value depends on the recovery rate. Average recovery rate is available from Moody’s and Standard & Poor's or Fitch.

4. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 4 Bonds WARNING The coupon rate IS NOT the discount rate used in the Present Value calculations. The coupon rate merely tells us what cash flow the bond will produce. Since the coupon rate is listed as a %, this misconception is quite common.

5. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 5 Bond Pricing The price of a bond is the Present Value of all cash flows generated by the bond (i.e. coupons and face value) discounted at the required rate of return.

6. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 6 Bond Pricing Example What is the price of a 5.5 % annual coupon bond, with a $1,000 face value, which matures in 3 years? Assume a required return of 3.5%.

7. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 7 Bond Cash Flows

8. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 8 Bond Pricing Example (continued) What is the price of the bond if the required rate of return is 5.5 %?

9. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 9 Bond Pricing Example (continued) What is the price of the bond if the required rate of return is 15 %?

10. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 10 Bond Pricing Example (continued) What is the price of the bond if the required rate of return is 3.5% AND the coupons are paid semi-annually?

11. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 11 Bond Pricing Example (continued) Q: How did the calculation change, given semi- annual coupons versus annual coupon payments?

12. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 12 Bond Pricing Example (continued) Q: How did the calculation change, given semi- annual coupons versus annual coupon payments? Time Periods Paying coupons twice a year, instead of once doubles the total number of cash flows to be discounted in the PV formula. Discount Rate Since the time periods are now half years, the discount rate is also changed from the annual rate to the half year rate.

13. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 13 Bond Yields  Current Yield - Annual coupon payments divided by bond price.  Yield To Maturity - Interest rate for which the present value of the bond’s payments equal the price.

14. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 14 Bond Yields Calculating Yield to Maturity (YTM=r) If you are given the price of a bond (PV) and the coupon rate, the yield to maturity can be found by solving for r.

15. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 15 Bond Yields Example What is the YTM of a 5.5 % annual coupon bond, with a $1,000 face value, which matures in 3 years? The market price of the bond is $1,056.03.

16. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 16 Bond Yields WARNING Calculating YTM by hand can be very tedious. It is highly recommended that you learn to use the “IRR” or “YTM” or “i” functions on a financial calculator.

17. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 17 Bond Yields Rate of Return - Earnings per period per dollar invested.

18. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 18 Bond Valuation Spreadsheet Esc and Double click on spreadsheet to access

19. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 19 Bond Yield Spreadsheet Esc and Double click on spreadsheet to access

20. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 20 Interest Rate Risk Price path for Premium Bond Price path for Discount Bond Today Maturity

21. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 21 Interest Rate Risk 30 yr bond 3 yr bond When the interest rate equals the 5.5% coupon rate, both bonds sell at face value

22. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 22 Nominal and Real rates Yield on UK nominal bonds Yield on UK indexed bonds

23. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 23 Default Risk  Credit risk  Default premium  Investment grade  Junk bonds

24. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 24 Default Risk

25. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 25 Corporate Bonds  Zero coupons  Floating rate bonds  Convertible bonds

26. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 26 The Yield Curve Term Structure of Interest Rates - A listing of bond maturity dates and the interest rates that correspond with each date. Yield Curve - Graph of the term structure.

27. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin 5- 27 Web Resources http://bonds.yahoo.com www.money.cnn.com/markets/bondcenter www.fintools.com www.smartmoney.com www.bankrate.com www.bloomberg.com/markets www.nasdbondinfo.com www.bondsonline.com www.bondmarkets.com Click to access web sites Internet connection required www.investinginbonds.com www.bondresources.com www.finpipe.com www.publicdebt.treas.gov www.stlouisfed.org www.federalreserve.gov www.ustreas.gov www.moodys.com www.standardandpoors.com www.fitch.com