1. Phonetics Definition Speech Organs Consonants vs. Vowels
Classification and Description of Consonants

2. Definition of phonetics
Phonetics provides an inventory and a description of the sounds found in a language

3. The Organs of Speech

4. Consonants and Vowels
Consonants are produced by interfering with the airstream at some point in the vocal tract.
. Vowels are produced when there is no interference with the airstream. The vocal tract is open.

5. Consonants Consonants can be classified according to:
Voicing: as voiced or voiceless
Place of Articulation: where they are articulated
Manner of Articulation: how they are articulated

6. A. Voicing
Consonants are classified as either voiced or voiceless depending on the position of the vocal cords.

7. Voicing
Vocal cords are tense and held tightly together. When air passes through them, they vibrate producing VOICED sounds.
Vocal cords are in a relaxed position. When air passes through them, they do not vibrate producing VOICELESS sounds.
Voiced Sounds
Voiceless Sounds

8. Voicing
Voicing of a sound is determined by the position of the vocal cords.
Vowels are always voiced.
Some consonants are voiced (e.g. b, z, g, v), while some are voiceless (e.g. p, s, k, f)

9. B. Place of Articulation
Consonants are also described and categorized according to where (i.e. at which point) in the vocal tract they are articulated:
1. Bilabial sounds 7. Glottal sounds
2. Labio-dental sounds
3. Inter-dental sounds
4. Alveolar sounds
5. Palatal sounds
6. Velar sounds

10. Place of Articulation
Sounds produced by the two lips are called Bilabial sounds.
Examples of bilabial sounds are: p, b , m
. Sounds produced with the lower lip and the upper teeth are called Labio-dental sounds.
Labio-dental sounds are: f, v

11. Place of Articulation
Sounds articulated with the tongue coming between the upper and lower teeth are Interdental sounds.
Examples of interdental sounds are the sounds in the beginning of the words ‘thief’ and ‘that’.

12. Place of Articulation
Sounds articulated at the alveolar ridge (i.e. the protruded area behind the upper teeth) are Alveolar sounds.
Examples of alveolar sounds are t, d, s , z, n, l
. Sounds articulated at the hard palate, the wide arched area behind the alveolar ridge, are called Palatal sounds: e.g. r , or sounds in the beginning of the words ‘child’, ‘jar’.

13. Place of Articulation
Sounds produced at the velum or soft palate are called Velar sounds, e.g. k, g.
. Sounds produced at the glottis, the area between the vocal cords are Glottal sounds, e.g. h.