1. NOVA Comprehensive Perspectives on Child Speech Development and Disorders Appendix 1 Representing Speech Sounds with Written Symbols: Introducing the IPA and the Extended IPA Martin Ball 1

2. NOVA Comprehensive Perspectives on Child Speech Development and Disorders Motivating the Use of IPA for Children with Speech Sound Disorders Speech errors cannot be captured adequately with regular orthography Children with speech sound disorders produce some sounds that are not found in the ambient language or even any natural language The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is the only internationally recognized symbol system to represent speech sounds For English, pulmonic egressive non-English consonants and vowels have been described 2

3. NOVA Comprehensive Perspectives on Child Speech Development and Disorders Beyond Segments The IPA contains symbols that can be used to transcribe aspects of prosody – Stress – Length – Tone Other aspects captured with IPA – Tempo – Loudness – Voice quality 3

4. NOVA Comprehensive Perspectives on Child Speech Development and Disorders Beyond Natural Languages The Extended IPA (extIPA) was developed to capture atypical speech sounds (IPA, 2008) – Manner, e.g., Percussives Simultaneous median and lateral fricatives – Place, e.g., Dentolabial Labioalveolar – Resonance, e.g., Nasal fricatives – Other phonetic details, e.g., Lack of aspiration Alveoloar place – Connected speech, e.g., Pausing Tempo Loudness – Level of confidence, e.g., “probably a consonant” “probably a voiceless plosive” “probably [t]” 4

5. NOVA Comprehensive Perspectives on Child Speech Development and Disorders 5 Reprinted with permission from The International Phonetic Association. Copyright 2005 by International Phonetic Association.

6. NOVA Comprehensive Perspectives on Child Speech Development and Disorders 6

7. NOVA Comprehensive Perspectives on Child Speech Development and Disorders 7 Reprinted with permission from The International Phonetic Association. Copyright 2008 by International Phonetic Association.

8. NOVA Comprehensive Perspectives on Child Speech Development and Disorders 8