1. Injuries to the Cervical Spine in American Football Players by Joseph S. Torg, James T. Guille, and Suzanne Jaffe J Bone Joint Surg Am Volume 84(1):112-122 January 1, 2002 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

2. Comparison of the rate of head and neck injuries (per 100,000 participants) between 1959 and 1963 with that between 1971 and 1975. Joseph S. Torg et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:112-122 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

3. A college defensive back (wearing dark jersey) is shown ramming, or “spearing,” an opposing ball carrier with his head, resulting in severe axial loading of his cervical spine. Joseph S. Torg et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:112-122 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

4. Biomechanically, the straightened cervical spine responds to axial loading forces like a segmented column. Joseph S. Torg et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:112-122 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

5. The effect of the 1976 rule changes banning spearing and head-impact playing techniques was dramatic, with a sustained decrease in the number of players who sustained permanent cervical quadriplegia. Joseph S. Torg et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:112-122 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

6. The axial load teardrop fracture is characterized by a teardrop fracture at the anteroinferior corner, a sagittal vertebral body fracture, and a fracture through the posterior arch. Joseph S. Torg et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:112-122 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

7. The pincer mechanism, as described by Penning69, occurs when the distance between the posteroinferior margin of the superior vertebral body and the anterosuperior aspect of the spinolaminar line of the subjacent vertebra decreases with hyperextension; compr... Joseph S. Torg et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:112-122 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

8. The spinal canal-vertebral body ratio is the distance from the midpoint of the posterior aspect of the vertebral body to the nearest point on the corresponding spinolaminar line (a) divided by the anteroposterior width of the vertebral body (b). Joseph S. Torg et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:112-122 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

9. Profile plot of the mean diameter of the spinal canal measured, in millimeters, demonstrating a significantly smaller value for Cohort 3 (transient neurapraxia) compared with that of all of the other cohorts (p < 0.05). Joseph S. Torg et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:112-122 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

10. Figs. 9-A and 9-B Graphs, developed with use of logistic regression analysis, showing the risk of recurrence plotted as a function of the disc level diameter measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Fig. 9-A) and the spinal cord-vertebral body ratio ca... Joseph S. Torg et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:112-122 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

11. Figs. 9-A and 9-B Graphs, developed with use of logistic regression analysis, showing the risk of recurrence plotted as a function of the disc level diameter measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Fig. 9-A) and the spinal cord-vertebral body ratio ca... Joseph S. Torg et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84:112-122 ©2002 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.