1. Gender in the Workforce PRESENTED BY CELENE FULLER

2. Yeah, but hasn’t the gender wage gap decreased since then? More women work now than ever before! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6LUg -siJVs

3. Let’s see:

4. In 2010, women comprised 47% of the workforce. Still, isn’t this “wage gap” just a myth? http://mediamatters.org/research/2012/1 0/17/fox-uses-debate-question-to- obscure-gender-wage/190716

7. AAUW found that one year after college graduation (2009), men already earn more than women.

9. What about the colleges they attend? What about the grades they earned? What about choice of major?

10. Choice of major, however, shows gender differences Female graduates from 2007-2008 tended to major in healthcare fields, social sciences, and education whereas fewer women than men graduated in engineering and information and computer science fields, math Both genders were present in business. Still, dominated by men (27% of men compared to 19% of women majored in business)

11. Why do women choose majors that pay less than male-dominated majors? Women and men have different pressures and expectations. As we learned, the socialization process of schools leads to gender differences in achievement and goals.

13. Other Factors? Occupation? Number of hours worked? Economic sector?

15. ___ Overall, observable factors such as education, occupation, hours worked, age, race, sex, marital status, number of children, etc. only explain about ___of the wage gap!

16. Besides having different pay, women and men have different ranks in corporate and government jobs. The higher you go, the fewer women and minorities you will see. This “glass ceiling” confronting women and racial/ethnic minorities is a global phenomenon. On the other hand, men in female-dominated professions often “ride the glass escalator” as tokens. So what’s going on here?

17. Sex, Gender, and Life Chances This has led to a situation called the feminization of poverty, which is ____________________, due in part to: the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing cost of childcare.

18. Arlie Hochschild, a sociologist and professor at UC Berkley, coined the term “emotional labor” in 1983 to describe jobs in which certain emotions are required. Emotional labor is defined as ___________________________________________ ________. Emotional Labor

19. Jobs such as flight attendants, teachers, health care workers, and other service jobs require thanking the customer, smiling, greeting, and control of emotions. Emotional labor tends to be more demanding in female-dominated careers, as opposed to male- dominated careers. Emotional Labor

20. Emotion Work Hochschild also coined the term emotion work to describe ________________ ________________ ________.

21. Emotion Work Women are expected to show certain emotions that reflect nurturing and compassion, while men are expected not to show these emotions at all.

22. Second Shift The second shift describes the phenomenon of the late 20 th century in which women ________________________________________ _____.

23. Motherhood Wage Penalty Studies have shown that women who have children are more likely to be penalized in terms of wages. Some recent studies have shown as much as a 5% wage penalty per child for women. Employers see mothers as less competent and less committed to work than childless employees. Research also shows that men tend to benefit from parenthood and are seen as more competent and responsible.

24. Gendered Division of Household Labor The unpaid work of women is estimated be worth about $138,095 a year for stay-at- home mothers and $85,876 annually for employed women. Despite the obvious importance of this unpaid work, it is often invisible.

25. Household chores for boys and girls Girls are more likely than boys to do laundry, wash the dishes, clean the house, care for younger children and other emotion work. Boys are more likely than girls to take out the trash and do yardwork.

27. Where do we go from here? According to Society for Human Resource Management, women who gain more experience in a job before having children incur a less severe motherhood wage penalty. Additionally, mothers who return to the same employer after temporarily leaving the workforce may preserve social networks and on-the-job skills.

28. The 1963 Equal Pay Act was enacted to attempt to bridge the gender wage gap by requiring equal pay for equal work. In 2009, President Obama signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act into law. This resets the statute of limitations of each discriminatory paycheck, allowing workers to file discrimination claims for earlier paychecks. Where do we go from here?