2. TURNING 2011’S DISASTERS INTO EDUCATIONAL SURGES THAT WILL ADVANCE DISASTER RESILIENCE PART 2 Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance For Disaster Reduction

3. GOAL: COMMUNITY DISASTER RESILIENCE FLOODS SEVERE WIND STORMS EARTHQUAKES DROUGHTS LANDSLIDES WILDFIRES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS TSUNAMIS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS INCREASE TECHNICAL AND POLITICL CAPACITY OF COMMUNITY TO COPE INCREASE OWNERSHIP AND USE OF KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE USE DISASTER’S INFO TO IMPROVE COMMUNITY RESILIENCE

4. Single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), can cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, and environmental impacts.

5. EXAMPLES OF 2011’s DISASTERS

6. NOTABLE DISASTERS IN 2011 FLOODS IN AUSTRALIA EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI IN JAPAN WILDFIRES IN ARIZONA AND TEXAS HURRICANE IRENE AND TROPIAL STORM LEE FLOODS ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI River SUPER TORNADO OUTBREAK CATALYSTS FOR CHANGE NEW KNOWLEDGE FOR COMMUNITY DISASTER RISK REDUCTION VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

7. EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI IN JAPAN MARCH 11, 2011

8. A DISASTER is --- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., floods, earthquakes,...,) intersect at a point in space and time.

9. THE THREE CONTINUUMS OF EVERY DISASTER PEOPLE COMMUNITY COMPLEX EVENTS

10. A DISASTER IMPACTS ALL SOCIETAL ELEMENTS

11. AN EDUCATIONAL SURGE Transforms information and experience gained from a disaster into knowledge, best practices, and new tech- nology to help a stricken community become disaster resilient.

12. STRICKEN COMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS HAZARD MAPS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK FOCUS ON FOUR CRITICAL AREAS BEST POLICIES AND PRACTICES FOR: PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION RESPONSE & RECOVERY DISASTER RESILIENCE

13. BUILDING CAPACITY FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE Identify the gaps in community capacity in the four critical elements of the solution: Preparedness, Protection, Response, and Recovery. Concentrate resources on filling the perceived gaps in Preparedness, Protection, Response, and Recovery, and start creating turning points for change.

14. CRITICAL ELEMENTS FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS (READY FOR ANY COMPLEX EVENT) PROTECTION (BUILD ESSENTIAL AND CRITICAL FACILITIES TO WITHSTAND) PREPAREDNESS (READY FOR ANY COMPLEX EVENT) PROTECTION (BUILD ESSENTIAL AND CRITICAL FACILITIES TO WITHSTAND)

15. CRITICAL ELEMENTS FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE RESPONSE (SAVING LIVES, AND ENSURING CONTINUITY) RECOVERY (BOUNCING BACK QUICKLY AND RESUMING LIFE AGAIN) RESPONSE (SAVING LIVES, AND ENSURING CONTINUITY) RECOVERY (BOUNCING BACK QUICKLY AND RESUMING LIFE AGAIN)

16. BENEFITS OF AN EDUCATIONAL SURGE Intensifies efforts to protect essential (schools) and critical (hospitals, dams, transportation, systems, and power plants) facilities.

17. EDUCATIONAL SURGES CREATE TURNING POINTS FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL SECTORS OF SOCIETY INFORMED IGNORANCE TO ENLIGHTENMENT APATHY TO EMPOWERMENT BOUNDARIES TO NETWORKS STATUS QUO TO GOOD POLITICAL DECISIONS EDUCATIONAL SURGES WILL INCREASE KNOWLEDGE OF A COM- MUNITY’S RISK EDUCATIONAL SURGES WILL INCREASE KNOWLEDGE OF A COM- MUNITY’S RISK

18. TURNING POINTS FOR CHANGE NEW RESOURCES NEW DELIVERY MECHANISMS NEW PROFESSIONAL LINKAGES NEW LEGISLATIVE MANDATES NEW DIALOGUE ON BUILDING A CULTURE OF DISASTER- RISK REDUCTION EDUCATIONAL SURGES WILL RESULT IN …

19. EDUCATIONAL SURGE ADD VALUE INCREASE AWARENESS INCREASE UNDERSTANDING INCREASE POLITICAL WILL BUILD EQUITY AN EDUCATIONAL SURGE WILL

20. BENEFITS OF EDUCATIONAL SURGES EXPAND CAPABILITY IMPROVE DELIVERY MECHANISMS OVERCOME UNIVERSAL BARRIERS CREATE TURNING POINTS OF CHANGE INCREASE COMMUNITY DISASTER RESILIENCE EDUCATIONAL SURGES

21. M9.0 TOHOKU EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI IMPACTED JAPAN 4TH LARGEST QUAKE EVER 3 – 10 M TSUNAMI WAVES REACHED JAPAN AND PACIFIC RIM COUNTRIES 2:46 pm MARCH 11, 2011

22. LOCATION: 133 KM (80 MI) OFF EAST COAST OF HONSHU

23. THE RESULT OF SUBDUCTION ZONE PLATE TECTONICS

24. THE DISASTER BEGAN HAPPENING WITHIN MINUTES It only took seconds for the P- and S-waves and minutes for the tsunami waves to reach Sendai and other parts of the coast..

25. THIS WAS NO ORDINARY EARTHQUAKE Ground shaking lasted 300 seconds (compared with about 10 - 20 seconds for the 1994 Northridge, CA or the 1995 Kobe, Japan quakes). Hundreds of aftershocks, many in the M6+ range comparable in size with the damaging 1971 San Fernando CA quake, followed the main shock.

26. THE M9.0 EARTHQUAKE…. Japan was well prepared to cope with the earthquake, and ---

27. THE M9.0 EARTHQUAKE…. Japan’s buildings and infrastructure were protected through codes and standards, but ….

28. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

29. THE TSUNAMI WAS DEVASTATING The tsunami that followed the M9.0 earthquake caused enormous damage in Japan within minutes.

30. TSUNAMI HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) HIGH-VELOCITY, LONG-PERIOD WATER WAVES WAVE RUNUP FLOODING WAVE RETREAT SHORELINE EROSION

31. THE 7-10 M TSUNAM WAVES The tsunami was devastating, inun- dating towns, im- mobilizing airports and roads, destroy- ing buildings, and treating everything (e.g., people, cars) in its path as debris.

32. HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES TSUNAMIS INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS FLOODING INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

33. IMMEDIATE RESPONSE NEEDS Vertical evacuation. Search and rescue operations to save lives. Mass care and health care needs to preserve life. Safety of Fukushima power plant

34. FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR FACILITY HAD FAILURES

35. RESPONSE: A RACE WITH TIME TO PREVENT THE UNTHINKABLE Experts worked at the margins of their capability to prevent a nuclear melt down.

36. RESPONSE NEEDS RELATED TO FUKUSHIMA The nuclear power plant shut down automatically, causing wide-spread power outages. An immediate evacuation of several thousand people living within a 20 km radius followed.

37. RESPONSE NEEDS EXACERBATED BY FUKUSHIMA’S RADIATION LEAKS Following an explosion, radiation levels were 1,000 times normal levels at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear facility. Four million left without electricity. Metro, trains, and airport were shut down.

38. ADVANCE WARNING AND VERTICAL EVACUATION WERE THE KEYS TO SURVIVING THE TSUNAMI

39. EVACUATION WAS COMPLICATED BY: 1) THE SHORT TIME BETWEEN THE EARTHQUAKE AND THE TSUNAMI WAVE ARRIVAL, AND 2) INUNDATION, DAMAGE AND LOSS OF FUNCTION TO BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE

40. RESPONSE TO OVER 27,559 DEAD THE LARGE NUMBERS OF BODIES FOUND EARLY ON OUTSTRIPPED THE CAPACITY TO CREMATE THEM

41. JAPAN’S RECOVERY, UNDERWAY NOW, WHICH IS ESTIMATED TO COST AT LEAST $300 BILLION, WILL BE USED AS A MODEL FOR OTHER NATIONS.

42. ADDITIONAL DETAILS ON THE TSUNAMI The tsunami that followed the M9.0 quake within about 15 minutes changed Japan’s coast lines by almost 2 m, inundated land over a wide area, and reached Pacific rim countries.

43. VERTICAL EVACUATION: ROOF OF SCHOOL BUILDING

44. TSUNAMI WAVES REACH COAST OF NORTHERN JAPAN

45. FIRE: NEAR SENDAI AIRPORT

46. SENDAI AIRPORT

47. SENDAI AIRPORT: COVERED WITH MUD FROM TSUNAMI

48. SENDAI AIRPORT: COVERED WITH CARS, MUD, & DEBRIS

49. TSUNAMI WAVES REACH NATON MYIAGI PREFECTURE

50. OARAI INUNDATED BY TSUNAMI

51. TSUNAMI DAMAGE

54. ON MARCH 14 TH, SOME SEARCH AND RESCUE TEAMS FOUND NO ONE TO RESCUE

55. NATORI: NO ONE THERE OR ALIVE TO RESCUE; MARCH 14

56. NATORI: NO ONE TO RESCUE EXCEPT A DOG; MARCH 14

57. THE TSUNAMI ALSO IMPACTED PACIFIC RIM COUNTRIES After the tsunami slammed the east coast of Japan, sweeping away boats, cars, homes and people, it raced across the Pacific at 822 -1222 kph (500 to 800 mph) to arrive 5-7 hours later in Alaska and Hawaii and other parts of the West Coast of the USA, and 18 hours later along the coast of South America.

58. HAWAII The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center reported that water rushed ashore in Honolulu, swamping the beach in Waikiki and surging over the break wall in the world-famous resort, BUT stopping short of the area's high-rise hotels.

59. CRESCENT CITY, CA

60. SAN FRANCISCO, CA