1. The SuperGrid: Symbiosis of Nuclear, Hydrogen and Superconductivity Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal, W2AGZ Technologies w2agz@pacbell.net www.w2agz.com World Engineers’ Conference 3-6 November 2004, Shanghai, PRC Session FB (Energy and Power) Paper FBR-003, Friday, 5 November 2004, 8:30 AM

4. Xue Yuyang Yao Ming

5. Earth at Night - 2000

6. Earth at Night - 2050

7. The 21 st Century Energy Challenge Design a communal energy economy to meet the needs of a densely populated industrialized world that reaches all corners of Planet Earth. Accomplish this within the highest levels of environmental, esthetic, safe, reliable, efficient and secure engineering practice possible. …without requiring any new scientific discoveries or breakthroughs!

8. A Symbiosis of Nuclear/Hydrogen/Superconductivity Technologies supplying Carbon-free, Non-Intrusive Energy for all Inhabitants of Planet Earth Its Solution

9. Reading Assignment 1.Garwin and Matisoo, 1967 (100 GW on Nb 3 Sn)Garwin and Matisoo 2.Bartlit, Edeskuty and Hammel, 1972 (LH 2, LNG and 1 GW on LTSC)Bartlit, Edeskuty and Hammel 3.Haney and Hammond, 1977 (Slush LH 2 and Nb 3 Ge)Haney and Hammond 4.Schoenung, Hassenzahl and Grant, 1997 (5 GW on HTSC, 1000 km)Schoenung, Hassenzahl and Grant 5.Grant, 2002 (SuperCity, Nukes+LH 2 +HTSC)Grant 6.Proceedings, SuperGrid Workshop, 2002Proceedings These articles, and much more, can be found at www.w2agz.com, sub-pages SuperGrid/Bibliography www.w2agz.comSuperGrid/Bibliography

10. Past & Future Energy Supply Year (Modern Era) Relative Units Fission Hydrogen

12. The Hydrogen Economy You have to make it, just like electricity Electricity can make H 2, and H 2 can make electricity (2H 2 O  2H 2 + O 2 ) You have to make a lot of it You can make it cold, - 419 F (21 K) P.M. Grant, “Hydrogen lifts off…with a heavy load,” Nature 424, 129 (2003)

13. P.M. Grant, The Industrial Physicist, Feb/March Issue, 2002 Supermarket School Home Family Car DNA-to-order.com Nuclear plant H2H2 H2H2 HTSC/MgB 2 SuperCity

14. Diablo Canyon

15. California Coast Power Diablo Canyon 2200 MW Power Plant Wind Farm Equivalent

16. Co-Production of Hydrogen and Electricity Source: INEL & General Atomics Reactor Vessel O2O2

17. Source: General Atomics Nuclear “Hydricity” Production Farm

18. The Discovery of Superconductivity Leiden, 1914 Zürich, 1986

19. T C vs Year: 1991 - 2001 190019201940196019802000 0 50 100 150 200 Temperature, T C (K) Year Low-T C High-T C 164 K MgB 2

20. Oxide PowderMechanically Alloyed Precursor 1.Powder Preparation HTSC Wire Can Be Made! A. Extrusion B. Wire Draw C. Rolling Deformation & Processing 3. Oxidation - Heat Treat 4. Billet Packing & Sealing 2. But it’s 70% silver!

21. Finished Cable

22. Innost/Innopower Cable

23. Puji Substation (Kunming City)

24. Reading Assignment 1.Garwin and Matisoo, 1967 (100 GW on Nb 3 Sn)Garwin and Matisoo 2.Bartlit, Edeskuty and Hammel, 1972 (LH 2, LNG and 1 GW on LTSC)Bartlit, Edeskuty and Hammel 3.Haney and Hammond, 1977 (Slush LH 2 and Nb 3 Ge)Haney and Hammond 4.Schoenung, Hassenzahl and Grant, 1997 (5 GW on HTSC, 1000 km)Schoenung, Hassenzahl and Grant 5.Grant, 2002 (SuperCity, Nukes+LH 2 +HTSC)Grant 6.Proceedings, SuperGrid Workshop, 2002Proceedings These articles, and much more, can be found at www.w2agz.com, sub-pages SuperGrid/Bibliography www.w2agz.comSuperGrid/Bibliography

25. 1967: SC Cable Proposed! 100 GW dc, 1000 km !

26. “Hydricity” SuperCables +v I -v I H2H2 H2H2 Circuit #1 +v I -v I H2H2 H2H2 Circuit #2 Multiple circuits can be laid in single trench

27. SuperCable

28. Power Flows P SC = 2|V|JA SC, where P SC = Electric power flow V = Voltage to neutral (ground) J = Supercurrent density A SC = Cross-sectional area of superconducting annulus Electricity P H2 = 2(QρvA) H2, where P H2 = Chemical power flow Q = Gibbs H 2 oxidation energy (2.46 eV per mol H 2 ) ρ = H 2 Density v = H 2 Flow Rate A = Cross-sectional area of H 2 cryotube Hydrogen

29. Power Flows: 5 GW e /10 GW th

30. Radiation Losses W R = 0.5εσ (T 4 amb – T 4 SC ), where W R = Power radiated in as watts/unit area σ = 5.67×10 -12 W/cm 2 K 4 T amb = 300 K T SC = 20 K ε = 0.05 per inner and outer tube surface D H = 45.3 cm W R = 16.3 W/m Superinsulation: W R f = W R /(n-1), where n = number of layers = 10 Net Heat In-Leak Due to Radiation = 1.8 W/m

31. Fluid Friction Losses W loss = M P loss / , Where M = mass flow per unit length P loss = pressure loss per unit length  = fluid density FluidRe  (mm) D H (cm)v (m/s)  P (atm/10 km) Power Loss (W/m) H (20K)2.08 x 10 6 0.01545.34.762.03.2

32. Heat Removal dT/dx = W T /(ρvC P A) H2, where dT/dx = Temp rise along cable, K/m W T = Thermal in-leak per unit Length ρ = H 2 Density v = H 2 Flow Rate C P = H 2 Heat Capacity A = Cross-sectional area of H 2 cryotube SuperCable Losses (W/M)K/10km RadiativeFrictionac LossesConductiveTotaldT/dx 1.83.211710 -2

33. SuperCable H 2 Storage Some Storage Factoids Power (GW) Storage (hrs)Energy (GWh) TVA Raccoon Mountain1.62032 Scaled ETM SMES188 One Raccoon Mountain = 13,800 cubic meters of LH2 LH 2 in 45 cm diameter, 20 km bipolar SuperCable = Raccoon Mountain

34. H 2 Gas at 77 K and 1850 psia has 50% of the energy content of liquid H 2 and 100% at 6800 psia

35. “Hybrid” SuperCable

37. Al-Can Gas Pipeline Proposals

38. Mackenzie Valley Pipeline 1300 km 18 GW-thermal

39. Electrical Insulation “Super- Insulation” Superconductor LNG @ 105 K 1 atm (14.7 psia) Liquid Nitrogen @ 77 K Thermal Barrier to LNG LNG SuperCable

40. Electrical Issues Voltage – current tradeoffs –“Cold” vs “Warm” Dielectric AC interface (phases) –Generate dc? Multipole, low rpm units (aka hydro) Ripple suppression –Filters Cryogenics –Pulse Tubes –“Cryobreaks” Mag Field Forces Splices (R = 0?) Charge/Discharge cycles (Faults!) Power Electronics –GTOs vs IGBTs –12” wafer platforms –Cryo-Bipolars

41. Construction Issues Pipe Lengths & Diameters (Transportation) Coax vs RTD Rigid vs Flexible? On-Site Manufacturing –Conductor winding (3-4 pipe lengths) –Vacuum: permanently sealed or actively pumped? Joints –Superconducting –Welds –Thermal Expansion (bellows)

42. SuperCable Prototype Project H2H2 e–e– H 2 Storage SMES Cryo I/C Station 500 m Prototype “Appropriate National Laboratory” 2005-09

43. Regional System Interconnections

44. China: Present

45. China: 2015 - 2020

47. The Vision of Prof. Zheng-He Han !

48. Will China Build the World’s First SuperGrid?